Speech Disorders Research Paper - 1970 Words

speech disorders Communication Research Paper There are many times in everyday life that there is miscommunication in delivering a message to others; at one point or another, miscommunication will happen to everyone. Often the miscommunication is out of one’s control there is simply a misunderstanding of the intended message. Speech disorders are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. A problem within society is the belief that speech disorders have a simple explanation as to why it exists. While it is difficult to accurately pinpoint the explanation of why speech disorders exists, this paper will shed some light onto what is considered to be a speech disorders, how they are developed, and some of the†¦show more content†¦Many authors have shown that an early language delay can be related to later speech difficulties. (Broomfield amp; Dodd, 2004).Young adults who experience frequent ear infections when they were young are at risk for speech sound disorders if the ear infections were accompanied by hearing loss. Ear infections may explain in part some of the medical reasons this speech disorder occurs, but there may be an assortment of causes that leads someone to have a speech disorder. Many speech sound disorders occur without a known cause. A child may not learn how to produce sounds correctly or may not learn the rules of speech sounds on his or her own. These children may have a problem with speech development, which does not always mean that they will simply outgrow it by themselves. Many children do develop speech sounds over time but those who do not often need help to learn correct speech sounds.(Speech Sound Disorders: Causes and Number, 2009) Both children and adults can have speech disorders. According to Huaqing Qi, this can be due to the fact that children with speech and language disorders may have trouble communicating with their peers while playing or solving problem. Adults can also have speech sound disorders. Some adults continue to have problems from childhood, while others may develop speech problems after a stroke or injury. Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder; it isShow MoreRelatedThe Program For Parents Of Preschool Children With Cer ebral Palsy722 Words   |  3 Pages 2 Abstract This paper explores a published article that investigates the use of It Takes Two to Talk-The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy within an exploratory study. The study looks into the changes in interaction between children with motor disorders (children with cerebral palsy) and their parents. This study involved children aged 19-36 months with motor disorders that were not progressive but affected their communication. This paper examines the study’sRead MoreFinding the Right Path Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesFinding the Right Path INTRODUCTION I have chosen to research about my future. I know that I want to major somewhere in Special education, but I am not sure where. I am going to research becoming a special education teacher and becoming a speech pathologist. Both are right down my path, but I am unsure of which suits me better. I am senior; therefore, this research is critical to the next step of my life. As of right now, I know a little about becoming a teacher. I have taken a class, Future EducatorsRead MoreInformative Speech On Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder1420 Words   |  6 Pages Planning for the Informative Speech with Analysis Speech Topic: To inform my audience of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Generalized anxiety disorder Rhetorical Purpose: To inform my audience about . . . 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During each cycle, one or more phonological patterns are targeted and afterRead MoreNational Institute Of Mental Health Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesPanic disorder The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2015) mission is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses (NIMH, 2015). NIMH try to accomplish this though clinical research, so they can prevent and cure people. Their goals are to promoting the discovery of the brain, so they can find the cure for the mental disorder, and developing new intervention that ingrate the need and support for people with mental illnesses (NIMH, 2015). The NIMH does research on severalRead MoreGeneralization Of Speech-Sound Disorders1467 Words   |  6 PagesWhile speech-sound errors may occur in a typically developing child, if these errors persist beyond the expected age, it becomes indicative of a speech disorder and requires treatment (Peà ±a-Brooks Hedge, 2015). Speech-sound disorders in children will not only affect intelligibility of the individual, but can also have pervasive effects on communication skills, social involvement, and future employment, leading to an overall r educed quality of life (Johnson, Beitchman, and Brownlie, 2010). HoweverRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder And The Speech Of The Individual ( Asha )1527 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stuttering is a fluency disorder that affects the speech of the individual (ASHA). Stuttering causes interferences in the speech that are signified as â€Å"disfluencies† (ASHA). These disfluencies may be presented in different ways. There may be repetitions of words, pauses, prolongation of words, and/or may include multiple â€Å"ums† in the speech (ASHA). These interruptions in speech may negatively affect the communication of individuals who stutter. Many times, the individuals is aware ofRead MoreGenetic Disorders: Angelman Syndrome866 Words   |  3 Pages A genetic disorder is a mutation in an organisms DNA. It is caused by a change in the sequencing of the nucleotides that make up a specific gene. The genetic disorder can be inherited by offspring, but it may or may not show in the offspring depending on whether the genetic disorder is a dominate or recessive allele. There are many genetic disorders that humans develop and inherit. Some disorders cause improve ments within the human species while others cause severe retardation of the human speciesRead MoreA Study On Human Language Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals communicate with each other, from bees and ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a language or should I say signs. What is interesting is even our speech differs in a physical way form the communication of another animal. It comes from a cor areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production. Professor Jeff Elman said â€Å"The Earth would not be the way it is if humankind didn t have the ability to communicate, to organize itself, to passRead MoreAnalysis Of Broca s Aphasia, A Language And The Brain1156 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this paper is to pursue one important and fundamental aim: language and the brain are purely inseparable since it allows us to perform essential tasks such as generating, comprehending and expressing speech. With damage to the brain, individuals can no longer perform such tasks which can ultimately lead to many types of language disorders. The focus of this paper is Broca’s aphasia, a language disorder characterized by the inability to produce written and spoken speech. Damage to the brain

The Increase Of Gross Domestic Product - 899 Words

The criteria used to justify the selections presented on this essay is the increase of gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States. The GDP is used to determine how much money was spent, how much good and services were sold and how much income was earned in the country. The United States are responsible for much greater per person greenhouse gas emissions, and the country is working towards the reduction of emissions that might help to diminish the climate change and inspire other countries to take action too. New research shows that if present trends continue, the total cost of global warming will be as high as 3.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The impacts of global warming will come with price approximately of $1.9 trillion annually by 2100. Current projections of the earth s surface - data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - will continue to rise on this 21st century; the global mean surface temperature increase for the period 2016–3 5 relative to 1986–2005 is likely to be in the range of 0.3 °C to 0.7 °C. Tourism, agriculture and other weather-dependent industries will be affected by global warming. Homeowners and businesses will also be impacted by water and energy costs. Climate change leads to terrible natural disasters such as hurricanes and heavy storms. Moreover, increased precipitation, humidity, higher sea-level and melting ice sheets are likely to happen due to heat waves and weather variation inShow MoreRelatedLending Ability Of Commercial Financial Institutions923 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest over a give period of time. Rà ¸dseth, A. (2000) stated that the lending ability of commercial financial institutions is controlled by the central bank which is in charge of regulating the amount of money that is circulation in the economy. To increase money circulating in the economy so as to achieve some macroeconomic goals, the central bank may reduce their leading rate (bank rate) and thus enco urage the commercial banks to borrow more loans from the central bank and thus expand their lendingRead MoreGdp vs. Gnp1201 Words   |  5 PagesGDP vs GNP GDP (or Gross Domestic Product) and GNP (Gross National Product) represent the size and strength of the economy. While both concepts are similar, their definition, calculation and applications are different from each other. 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An underground economy would consistRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081691 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that the increase of excess monetary and government irresponsibility led to the overall crisis in the mid to late 2000’s. Some economists believe that the oversupply of monetary contributed to the 2008 crisis due to low interest rate targets that were substantially below the monetary requirement. In this paper I will discuss the effects of the changes in monetary and fiscal policies that altered the economy in 2008 as well as the current and desired gross domestic product for the future UnitedRead MoreThe Effect Of Inflation, Interest Rate, And Gross Domestic Product On The Economic Growth Of India1532 Words   |  7 PagesI would like to examine the impact of inflation, interest rate, and the Gross Domestic Product on the economic growth of India. The ability of expanding the production of products and services will be reflected by the economic growth of the country. Economic growth can be defined by the growth in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of that country. Inflation factor will be typically balanced by the Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to reflect the real GDP. In macroeconomics interest rate

City and Country Living Free Essays

City living and country living have a wide range of differences and similarities but every day new people enter each and call it there home. When living in the city you are an on-the go kind of person and enjoy the world at a fast pace. In comparison to a country living style when time stands still. We will write a custom essay sample on City and Country Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s as though you watch as the seasons come and pass every year. Both have many positives and some negatives but it’s a very hard choice when you are talking about living in a jam packed city compared to a spacious in the country-side. While living in the city, you have numerous things to do the opportunities are endless. On any given night you can walk around and enjoy the wonders of the city the sights, sounds, and delightfulness takes your breath away at all times. In addition the city has other things that also are beneficial like numerous cultures that live there and how they are portrayed through the different clubs and restaurants throughout the city. Also a great thing about the city is its different array of foods you can eat an expensive dinner or you can stop on the corner and get a hot dog. The city also has many different bar like atmospheres where you can get a casual dinner, or you can have an alcoholic beverage and enjoy yourself. Being a city-dweller you are always around excitement and a great place to make-a-living seeming that there are so many opportunities for work. Although the city seems to have a lot of great things, the country can offer just as much excitement as the city does just in a different type of excitement. The country is a marvelous place to live it offers a very relaxing feel, and is filled with magnificent views. Even though you’re not living there you can still access the city via transportation. Also the country can maybe help you become a more self-sufficient person, growing your own produce and becoming more of an outdoors person often enjoying the voices of nature through the night with crickets chirping or the rooster crow in the morning nature and its occupants are surrounding you in the country. Another thing about the country is it offers a very safe community with very little chance of crime and the air quality is a lot less polluted then living in the city. Living in the country is awesome and has a wide variety of positives when setting up a family environment. In contrast to all of the great things the city provides, the city can have a downside. The noise level of a city can stress you out; rarely having downtime when there is constant commotion. Another negative about the city is thatitss such an expensive lifestyle without much money it would be hard to live in the city because it’s a much more extravagant lifestyle then the country. It’s a very hectic lifestyle and can sometimes prove to be too much for people; it’s also a very noisy place with the screeching of brakes or babies crying there is always something going on in the city. People in the city usually aren’t worried about you either there more worried about keeping up and on time for their self and they would much rather move along then stop and associate with you. The city does have a downside like everywhere else but can provide a very safe and stable home. Even though the country can be an awesome place to live and start a family there is, like the city a downside. Being in the country you don’t have such interesting things to do in your free time as the city. If you don’t have a car it may be hard to commute to work because there aren’t any buses that go that far away from the city. Another bad side of the country is the lack of entertainment because there aren’t many places to go, hangout and have a bite to eat at in the community you would have to travel to have that luxury. Even though there are negatives, the positives outweigh them and the country still provides a great place to live. Having to choose between these two places to live would be very tough. Although I think both places are great they both have some disadvantages that would represent problems. The country is for relaxing and enjoying the outdoors more suitable for the slow-paced people; while the city is more cluttered and people live for the nightlife and a much more fast-paced lifestyle. Your character and how you want to live are the only ways you will be able to make the choice on where you want to live; the city or the country. How to cite City and Country Living, Papers

Hunger Games free essay sample

Hunger Games BY Gbe300 The Hunger Games written by Suzanne Collins is a story about two teens named Peeta Mellark and Katniss Everdeen. Katniss and Peeta are chosen to participate in the annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games are a fght to the death and is watched by millions of people. Katniss younger sister was selected and forced to participate but Katniss volunteered as a tribute on behalf of Primrose her younger sister. Katniss is a better overall competitor in the Hunger Games. Katniss has superior hunting and survival skills. On the contrary Peeta is very strong and excels t hand to hand combat. Also Katniss hunting skills give her a greater chance to win than Peeta. Katniss learned hunting skills from her father such as archery. She hunted to provide for her family and had no choice but to perfect her archery. This skill will be important while in the arena to capture food and fend off opponents. Peeta said at the table while eating that My father buys her squirrels. He always comments on how the arrow never pierced the body. She hits everyone in the eye. This shows that Katniss really is on a high level of archery. Initially Katniss was not excellent at traps and different things such as throwing knives, but acquired different skills from Haymitch and observing the other competitors. Katniss learned to create snares. The snares can come into play to easily secure food and enemies. With the location of the arena being unknown this skill be transferred and used in almost any terrain. Katniss says that The bow and arrow is my weapon. But Ive spent a fair amount of time throwing knives as well. Sometimes, if Ive wounded an animal with an arrow, its better to get a knife into it, too, before I approach it. I realize that if I want Haymitchs attention, this is my moment to make an impression. I yank the knife out of the table, get a grip on the blade, and then throw it into the wall across the room. However even considering these reasons, a reader might consider that Peeta is the superior competitor in the Hunger Games. Peeta is a very skilled hand to hand fighter and also extremely strong. Strength can only get someone so far in a long tedious adventure such as the Hunger Games. Katniss does not have to exert unnecessary energy. Peeta is strong but he cannot physically beat everyone he omes in contact with and his other competitors will most likely be able to kill or injure him from a distance. Katniss is a better overall competitor in the Hunger Games. Katniss is a better survivalist and hunter. Peeta is also a very worthy opponent. Katniss is a better competitor in the Hunger Games because she has certain skills that cannot be taught. Peeta has a very limited amount of skills some of his skills can be useful such as his camouflage but it can only last so long and this is why Katniss will be the winner of the Hunger Games. Hunger games free essay sample The hunger games is a story of a girl who kills a bunch of people for money. Read the book if you really actually want to learn about it. Thank you, and have a wonderful day. God bless Amurica. 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Read the book if you really actually want to learn about it. Thank you, and have a wonderful day. God bless Amurica. As even I would say it, America is very very very very very very very very very very very very very veryhttp://www. studymode. com/essays/Hunger-Games-Essay-821410. htmlhttp://www.

Ethan Frome Hidden Meanings Essays - Ethan Frome,

Ethan Frome: Hidden Meanings Ethan Frome: Hidden meanings Ethan Frome is the story of a family caught in a deep-rooted domestic struggle. Ethan Frome is married to his first love Zeena, who becomes chronically ill over their long marriage. Due to his wifes condition, they took the services of Zeenas cousin, Mattie Silver. Mattie seems to be everything that Zeena is not, youthful, energetic, and healthy. Over time Ethan believes that he loves Mattie and wants to leave his wife for her. He struggles with his obligations toward Zeena and his growing love for Mattie. After Zeena discovers their feelings toward each other, she tries to send Mattie away. In an effort to stay together, Ethan and Mattie try to kill themselves by crashing into the elm that they talked about so many times. Instead, Mattie becomes severely injured and paralyzed. The woman that was everything that Zeena was not became the exactly the same as her. In Ethan Frome, the author communicates meanings in this story through various symbols. One of the most significant symbols used in this story is the very setting itself. A symbol is a person, object, or event that suggests more than its literal meaning. Symbols can be very useful in shedding light on a story, clarifying meaning that cant be expressed with words. It may be hard to notice symbols at first, but while reflecting on the story or reading it a second time, the symbol is like a key that fits perfectly into a lock. The reason that symbols work so well is that we can associate something with a particular object. For example, a red rose symbolizes love and passion, and if there were red roses in a story we may associate that part of the story with love. Although many symbols can have simple meanings, such as a red rose, many have more complex meanings and require a careful reading to figure out its meaning. The first symbol that I noticed in Ethan Frome is the setting. It plays an important role in this story. The author spends much of the first few chapters describing the scene in a New England town Starkfield. When I think of a town called Starkfield, a gloomy, barren place with nothing that can grow comes to mind. As the author continues to describe this town, it just reinforces what I had originally thought. In the beginning of the story, while describing why Ethan looked the way he did, Harmon said guess hes been in Starkfield too many winters. Most of the smart ones get away(Wharton 2). This does not give the impression that this is an enjoyable or a healthy place to live. The winters seem so ruthless in this story that the narrator describes them as this phase of crystal clearness followed by long stretches of sunless cold and he could understand why Starkfeild emerged from its six months siege like a starved garrison capitulating without quarter(Wharton 3). Starkfeild seems lik e a very oppressive place to live. It is understandable why the smart ones get away. Deeper into the story, as the narrator gets to know Ethan, we get a description of Ethans house, which is very symbolic of the story as well. The narrator describes the house as one of those lonely New England farm-houses that make the landscape lonelier(Wharton 7). The house had a stunted look to it due to the absence of the L, a typical feature on New England farmhouses, which is an attachment that connects the house to the woodshed and cow-barn (Wharton 8). The L is symbolic of heart of the house, the chief source of warmth and nourishment. The absence of this L suggests that the livelihood of this household is nonexistent. Ethans family doesnt have what many families have, warmth, love, and children. The Frome family lacks the same strength and connectedness that is conveyed by the absence of this L. When Zeena goes out of town for medical treatment, Ethan and Mattie are alone together in the house for the night. The author uses this scene to introduce two other symbols that have importance in the story. The first is the housecat, which is symbolic of Zeenas presence even while she

Confucianism Essays - Chinese Philosophy, Confucianism, Confucius

Confucianism Essays - Chinese Philosophy, Confucianism, Confucius Confucianism Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of the Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Confucian classics. It also blended with popular and important religions and became the vehicle for presenting Chinese values to the peasants. The school's doctrine supported political authority using the theory of the mandate of heaven. It sought to help rulers maintain domestic order, preserve tradition, and maintain a constant standard of living for the tax paying peasants. It trained its followers in generous giving, traditional rituals, family order, loyalty, respect for superiors and for the aged, and principled flexibility in advising rulers. Confucius was China's first and most famous philosopher. He had a traditional personal name (Qiu) and a formal name (Zhoghi). Confucius's father died shortly after Confucius's birth. His family fell into relative poverty, and Confucius joined a growing class of impoverished descendants of aristocrats who made their careers by acquiring knowledge of feudal ritual and taking positions of influence serving the rulers of the many separate states of ancient China. Confucius devoted himself to learning. At the age of 30, however, when his short-lived official career floundered, he turned to teaching others. Confucius himself never wrote down his own philosophy, although tradition credits him with editing some of the historical classics that were used as texts in his school. He apparently made an enormous impact on the lives and attitudes of his disciples. Confucianism combines a political theory and a theory of human nature to yield dao, a prescriptive doctrine or way. The political theory starts with a Doctrine of political authority from heaven's command: the ruler bears responsibility for the well being of the people and therefore for peace and order in the empire. Confucianism emerged as a more coherent philosophy when faced with intellectual competition from other schools that were growing in the schools that were growing in the fertile social climate of pre-imperial China (400-200 BC). Daoism, Mohism and Legalism all attacked Confucianism. A common theme of these attacks was that Confucianism assumed that tradition and convention was always correct. Mencuis (372-289 BC) developed a more idealistic inclination to good behavior that does not require education. Xun Zi (313- 238 BC) argued that all inclinations are shaped by acquired language and other social forms. Confucianism rose to the position of an official orthodoxy during the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). It absorbed the metaphysical doctrines of Yin (the female principle) and Yang (the male principle) found in the Book of Changes and other speculative metaphysical notions. With the fall of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism fell into severe decline. Except for the residual effects of its official status, Confucianism remained philosophically dormant for approximately 600 years. Confucianism began to revive with the reestablishment of the Chinese dynastic power in the Tang Dynasty (618- 906 AD). The Zen Buddhist, Chan felt that There is nothing much to Buddhist teaching. And, the education offered by Confucist teaching filled the intellectual gap. The Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) produced Neo-Confucianism, which is an interpretation of classical Confucianism doctrine that addressed both Buddhist and Daoist issues. Its development was due mainly to Zhenglo (1032) and Zhengi (1033-1107), but for the orthodox statement of Neo-Confucianism, one turns to Zhu Xi (1130- 1200). His commentaries on the four scriptures of Confucianism were required study for the imperial civil service examinations. From the beginning of the 1200's to about 1949 and the communist era in China, Confucianism was the belief that told the peasants of China that the mandate of heaven said that emperors were to rule the Chinese Empire. Because of this philosophy, westerners often viewed the Chinese lifestyle as odd and referred to the Chinese officials as inscrutable.

Evaluation of the project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluation of the project - Essay Example For example, if I would get a chance to redo the project, I would use different models to enhance uniqueness and variety and eliminate boredom. Additionally, I would increase the number of decorations and colors to the pictures, which would probably make them more attractive to female clientele. The LED lighting used within the studio helped a great deal in bringing out the best in the pictures. If I were to redo the pictures, I would definitely maintain the lighting because it helps in accentuating the color of the clothing and make up on the models. The lighting also made the pictures clearer, brighter and appealing. I would also like to take the pictures in an outdoor setting so as to make them more appealing by capturing outdoor scenery as a way to enhance aesthetic appeal. The project took a short time to accomplish, but if I were to redo it, I would opt to increase the project timeframe so that careful consideration can be given to every detail in the picture. This would offer sufficient time for consideration of details such as clothing, make up, accessories and lighting-just to mention, but a

Constitutional Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitutional Law Master - Essay Example There is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered "constitutional law." Therefore the Parliament of the United Kingdom can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing Acts of Parliament and thus has the power to change any written or unwritten element of the constitution. The constitution is based on the concept of all sovereignty ultimately belonging to Parliament (Parliamentary sovereignty), so the concept of entrenchment cannot exist. The lack of a central written constitutional document explaining the fundamental principles of the state and relationship between its institutions and between the people leads some constitutionalists to regard the United Kingdom as having "no (formal) constitution." The phrase "unwritten constitution" is sometimes used, despite the fact that the UK constitution incorporates many written sources, statutory law being considered the most important source of the constitution. But the case remains that the constitution re lies far more on unwritten constitutional conventions than virtually every other liberal democratic constitution. Conventions as a source of constitutional rules have been widely acknowledged. Regardless of whether a country possesses an unwritten1 or a written constitution, constitutional conventions usually play an important role in regulating constitutional relationships among different branches of government. A common definition of constitutional conventions is: "By convention is meant a binding rule, a rule of behaviour accepted as obligatory by those concerned in the working of the constitution."2 Law and constitutional conventions are closely related. Constitutional conventions presuppose the existence of a legal framework, and do not exist in a legal vacuum. For example, in the UK, the constitutional conventions of forming a Cabinet presuppose the laws relating to the Queen's royal prerogative, the office and powers of Ministers, and the composition of Parliament.3 A difference between law and constitutional conventions is that laws are enforceable by the courts, but constitutional conv entions are not enforced by the courts. If there is a conflict between constitutional conventions and law, the courts must enforce the law. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada, the courts acknowledge the existence of constitutional conventions as aids to judicial interpretation.4 Academics consider that such acknowledgement may at 1times appear to be similar to enforcement.5 The constitution ... is seen to consist of two different parts; the one is made up of understandings, customs, or conventions which, not being enforced by the courts, are in no true sense of the word laws; the other part is made up of rules which are enforced by the courts, and which, whether personified in statutes or not, are laws in the strictest sense of the term, and make up the true law of the constitution. This law of the constitution is, as we have further found, in spite of all appearances to the contrary, the true foundation on which English polity rests, and it gives in truth even to the conventional element of the constitutional law such force as it really possesses. First, as constitutional conventions can easily be adapted to new circumstances arising, they are therefore frequently used as a means of bringing about constitutional development, provided that those constitutional co

Construction law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Construction law - Essay Example Therefore, Anglo Synergy Solution is committed at conscripting conceptualize ideal procurement process that will be incomparable and acceptable to all. In the Mzansi Rail Shuttle project, the major stakeholders are Sandline Ventures with which has committed an investment of USD 120 billion, South African government and AUM Ventures. Sandline Ventures, the South African government and AUM Ventures expect a return on their investments. Hence, they must obtain the best procurement deal that will guarantee them high returns. Anglo Synergy Solution recommends that the Mzansi Rail Shuttle project should be procured by first ensuring that the authentic and fair competitions exist in responded to Prior Information Notice (PIN). Section 26(4A) of the railway Act, 1993, stipulate that advertisement should be made in both in the country and in the international journal, trade newspapers and other publication as this will eliminate political biases hence uplifting competency to handle the project (Crocker et al., 2010). It is very important to open-up communal procurement market as this will promote: Equal treatment- contracting authority must handle both potential and authentic tenderers fairly without prejudice. Contracting authority when stipulating requirement must avoid brand names which would eliminate particular providers, services and products. Transparency- advertising Prior Information Notice is central in establishing and encouraging transparency (LÃ ¦dre et al., 2006). It creates awareness of the condition for participation, selection criteria and the reason why some individuals were companies were not selected. Anglo Synergy Solution recommends AUM and Sandaline companies sponsoring the project to adjust the time restriction as time is an essential factor. Railway construction law does not specify duration for the accomplishment of the work by the contractors. The provision of services by contract is guided by

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges INTRODUCTION: Calibrationis the set of operations that establish the relationship between the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument and the corresponding values realized by standards. The result of a calibration allows for the determination of corrections to be made with regards to the indicated values. It may also help in determining other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities. The results of a calibration are usually documented and referred to as calibration certificate or a calibration report. Necessary adjustments are made to the instrument after calibration so that it always indicates readings corresponding to given values of the quantity measured. When the instrument is made to give a null indication corresponding to a null value of the quantity to be measured, the set of operation is called zero adjustment . The Calibration Process The first thing to consider in calibrating an instrument is its design. In order to be able to calibrate an instrument, the design of the instrument has to be capable of measurements that are withinengineering tolerance when used within certain conditions and over a reasonable period of time. The criteria used for assigning tolerance values vary according to regions and according to type of industry. Manufacturers of instruments assign a general measurement tolerance and suggest the calibration interval as well as the optimum environment for use and storage of the instrument. The user of the instrument on the other hand assigns the actual calibration interval, on the instruments likely usage level. For example, if a manufacturer states that an instrument needs to be calibrated after usage for 8-12 hours of use 5 days per week is six months, that same instrument in 24/7 usage would generally get a shorter interval. The assignment of calibration intervals can be a formal process based on the results of previous calibrations. Calibration process versus cost Generally, the process of calibrating an instrument is a difficult and expensive one. As a rule of thumb, the cost for ordinary equipment support is generally about 10% of the purchasing cost of the instrument on a yearly basis. Exotic devices such asscanning electron microscopes,gas chromatographsystems andlaserinterferometerdevices can be even more expensive to calibrate. When the instruments being calibrated are integrated with computers, the integrated computer programs and any calibration corrections are also under control. The calibration paradox Successful calibration has to be consistent and systematic. At the same time, the complexity of some instruments requires that only key functions be identified and calibrated. Under those conditions, a degree of randomness is needed to find unexpected deficiencies. Even the most routine calibration requires a willingness to investigate any unexpected observation. Theoretically, anyone who can read and follow the directions of a calibration procedure can perform the work. It is recognizing and dealing with the exceptions that is the most challenging aspect of the work. This is where experience and judgement are called for and where most of the resources are consumed. THEORY Principles of Operation Of Dead Weight Testers Pressure is defined as force per unit area i.e. P=F/A F=M x g (product of mass and the acceleration acting on that mass) This simple principle is used by Dead weight pressure testers to generate a very stable and accurate pressure. A series of weights are loaded on to a piston unit which is housed inside a cylinder. In principle, the components of the above equations are as follows: A is the effective cross-sectional area of the piston unit M is the mass of the weights loaded on top of the piston unit in addition to the mass of the piston unit itself. g is the gravitational acceleration acting on the piston and mass set. For example, if a piston of area A = in2 (0.18cm2) weighing M = 12.5lb (5.67kg) is supported by a fluid in a cylinder, the pressure in the fluid is 12.5lb=100lb/in2 (7kg/cm2). The piston- cylinder and the weights are called a dead-weight balance. The effective area of the piston and cylinder unit is an approximation of the average of the areas of the piston and of the cylinder. The performance of a tester depends largely on the accuracy with which the piston and cylinder are manufactured. These should be straight and round and have a good finish. They are usually made from hardened and stabilised tool steels, however, on the air operated type, high chromium steel is used to prevent corrosion. They are protected from high pressure such that the piston would not leave its cylinder and if the weights are supplied without air- pressure, the piston will not be in compression. The accuracy can be illustrated by stating that a variation of 0.1ÃŽÂ ¼m on the effective diameter of a piston/cylinder unit would result in an area charge of 63ppm. The area of the piston-cylinder units are compared with NPL Standards. Two units can be compared by connecting them hydraulically (or on gas) under pressure; when they were in balance, the area say AD to be determined was found from the known area of an NPL unit say Ak, showing the weights applied to each say WD and Wk from the equation. When instrument accuracies are calculated, allowance is made for the fact that effective area of the piston/cylinder unit increases with pressure. These is negligible on low pressure testers but becomes significant on testers such as type 380D (600 bar) and 380H (1200 bar). For the 4000 bar type the weights for equal increments of pressure are greater as the pressure increases up to 4000 bar and weight must be applied in the correct sequence. The accuracy certificate of a tester takes into account the buoyancy of the piston immersed in liquid. When testing gauges on liquid it may also be necessary to allow for liquid head (1 cm corresponds to 1 mb). The datum levels of the hydraulic piston/cylinder units are marked with a groove on the outer diameter of the unit. The effect of heads could normally be ignored on air testers. The certificate also gives details of the corrections to be made for change in temperature of the unit from 20oC due to expansion of the piston/cylinder unit and also of corrections due to g varying from standard gravity. The hydraulic testers can have accuracies of 0.01% on 1/16 in2 piston/cylinder unit, 0.015% on 1/80 in2 and 0.02% on 1/160 in2 units. Apparatus: 1. A pressure gauge that could measure up to 100 lb/in2bar 2. A Budenberg an air-operated pressure gauge calibrator: Made with levelling screws at its base which is used to mount it on a bench, a 0.5 square inch piston-cylinder unit, two control valves, one 0.5 inch B.S.P gauge connection, some weights (each marked with corresponding pressures they exert). The apparatus can basically be divided into three elements: The piston and cylinder units The weights The testers. The Piston-Cylinder unit The effective area of the piston and cylinder unit is an approximation of the average of the areas of the piston and of the cylinder and is 0.5 in2. The weight exerted by the unit is 0.1 kg/cm2 or 0.1bar. The Piston-Cylinder unit is made from high chromium steel is used to prevent corrosion. It is also fitted with mechanical stops to prevent the piston leaving the cylinder housing if the applied pressure is excessive, and if the weights are supplied without air- pressure, the piston will not be in compression. There is a small gap between the piston and the cylinder so that when the piston rotates in the cylinder the pressure medium forms a bearing eliminating friction and metallic contact; any viscous forces are circumferential and so do not act in a vertical direction and so do not affect the accuracy of the balance. If the gap between the piston and the cylinder is too small, the piston will not rotate freely at low pressure long enough for a true balanced pressure to be attained. If the gap is too large, there will be a leakage between the two and the piston will fall in the cylinder. The piston will spin for a reasonable length of time at low pressure and will remain in its floating position for several minutes at high pressures. The Weights The weights used are DH-Budenberg, manufactured from series 300 austenitic stainless steel, which makes them highly resistant to corrosion and magnetic permeability. They are marked with the nominal pressure value that they will generate (in bar) when used with the piston-cylinder unit they are designed for. These weights have been manufactured to specific set of tolerances and according to National (NPL) standards to give an accuracy of 0.015% under all nominal conditions. They give the appropriate force when subjected to a gravitational acceleration of 9.80665m/s2(International Standard, g) and in an air of density 1.2 kg/m3. The Tester This is the last element of the dead-weight tester. This unit is generally called the pneumatic dead weight tester base. It is the unit that generates the pressure which is then applied to the piston-cylinder unit and the instrument under calibration. It is supplied with an incoming port where a clean dry non-corrosive source of gas is connected. The type 240 air-operated tester has two valves: one valve to admit air from a H.P. supply to raise the pressure and one to release air to the atmosphere. PROCEDURE 1. The gauge to be calibrated was properly cleaned to remove any dirt or chemical contamination that could contaminate the tester. Using a bonded seal at the joint the Gauge was screwed on to the calibration equipment. 2. Using the conversion table given, (see table 2) the weight required in bar to test a pressure indicated by the gauge (the one being calibrated) was checked and the dead-weight piston was loaded with weight equivalent to the desired pressure less the pressure of the Piston-Cylinder unit. For example, when it was required to test the 10 lb/in2 reading on the gauge scale, the amount of weight required was 0.69 bar (from the table). But the piston already weighed 0.1 bar so this was subtracted from 0.69 bar to get 0.59 bar. So only 0.59 bar of weight equivalent was loaded onto the piston. 3. Next, the left-hand valve which releases pressure from the tester was closed. 4. Then, to test for rising pressure, the right-hand valve which admits pressure to the tester was opened carefully. This admitted pressure into the tester and the rate of pressure rise was watched on the gauge under test. As the pressure approached the desired value to be tested, the weights were spun carefully, and as soon as the piston began to float half way between the two stops, the reading of the pressure gauge was taken. The release valve was opened and the admitting valve was closed. 5. Next, to test for falling pressure, the release valve was closed and the admitting valve was opened. As the pressure rose beyond the desired pressure, the admitting valve closed and the release valve was opened slowly to enable the pressure drop in the tester. As the pressure approached the required pressure, the weight was spun carefully and ss soon the piton began to float half way between the two stops, the reading on the gauge was taken. All the pressure was then released. 6. A new set of weights were loaded on the piston to test the next pressure reading. These steps were carried out for pressure readings of from 10 lb/in2 to 100 lb/in2 at intervals of 10 lb/in2. The readings obtained were tabulated in table 2. RESULTS The results obtained were tabulated as in below Pressure being tested (lbf/in2) Applied Load Minus 0.1 (bar) Actual reading Up pressure (lbf/in2) Down Pressure (lbf/in2) 10 0.69 10.5 9.50 20 1.38 19.50 19.00 30 2.07 29.50 29.00 40 2.76 39.00 39.00 50 3.45 49.50 49.00 60 4.14 59.50 59.00 70 4.83 69.00 69.00 80 5.52 79.00 78.50 90 6.21 89.00 88.50 100 6.9 99.00 99.50 Table 1 showing readings from calibration exercise. CONCLUSION The calibration of the pressure gauge using a dead weight tester was carried out; Based on the experimental results obtained a deviation in the calibrated reading was compared to the theoretical values. Therefore the pressure gauge on the downwards pressure was observed to be not appropriate for very low pressure levels; Especially when the supplied air pressure is low incapable of lifting the applied load this can be express mathematically as: Psa = W/Pd were W = Psa x Pd W = weight/load Pd = downwards pressure Psa = supplied air pressure Therefore applied load/weight is directly proportional to the obtainable pressure gauge calibration meter readings. Sources of Errors: Â · Possible air leakage from the valves. Â · Error due to parallax when reading the half way level mark. Â · Possible pushing down on the piston while spinning the weight. Â · Possible loss of pressure in the piston hydraulics. REFERENCE 1. N. E. Connor, Gas Quality Measuring Devices on Gas Measurement University of Salford, 1969 2. DH- Budenberg, An-Introduction-to-Dead-Weight-Testers @ http://www.scribd.com/doc/18933664 (25th Nov, 2009) 3. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia (www.wikipedia.com) 4. Practical Manual on pressure gauge calibration, 2009.

Personal Narrative: My Experience in AP US History Essay -- Narrative

â€Å"Your final exam will be in three parts: multiple choice, primary source analysis, and three major essays. I won’t be allowed within 2 miles of you when you take the exam.† The words of Mr. F, my AP US History teacher, reverberated between my ear drums. He either didn’t notice or didn’t seem to care: â€Å"The AP US History exam will be on a Saturday in mid May. It’s graded on a scale of 0 to 5. Zero being the lowest possible score, 5 being the highest.† A student in the front row raises her hand, interrupting our baptism by fire. Mr. F motions for her to speak. â€Å"Are you related to Stephen King?† I didn’t realize it at the time (because let’s face it, I didn’t voluntarily read anything that wasn’t a motorcycle magazine until my senior year of high school) but Mr. F bore an uncanny resemblance to the best selling suspense author. Even their eyeglasses were similar. â€Å"He’s my cousin.† the teacher nodded, pausing to recollect his thoughts. â€Å"The test is pretty simple, but it’s probably more difficult than anything you’ve taken before.† I had yet to learn the eccentricities of the oxymoron, but that fact didn’t hinder Mr. F as he grinned slyly while he mouthed the previous statement. â€Å"The Regents exams have 4 possible answers. The AP has 5, and they’re usually more difficult to discriminate between. The primary source section will be basically the same thing you run into on Regents Part 2s: political cartoons or other documents accompanied by a set of questions. The essays are probably going to be the biggest hurdle for you. You are required to write three instead of the usual one or two on a Regents exam. Like the Regents, you will be given a limited choice between essay topics to write on, and at least one of the essays will probably... ... feedback, he had to show me what the AP would think of my essay. Mr. F wasn’t flawed. The whole process was - pardon the shamelessly obvious pun - flawed (you had to see that coming since the first 2 lines of the paper). Especially after having read Peter Elbow’s book on the teacherless writing class, thinking about that year of AP US History is absolutely appalling. The whole writing process was turned on its head. It wasn’t about learning to write or how to improve writing. It was about what to do in order to pass. I can only imagine how a member of the Iroquois Nation must feel about living in 21st Century New York: join us or be left behind in poverty. Write this way. It is the only way. Indians are subhuman. Be a man: become an American. No, a real American. Write this way. It’s the only real way to write. And then again . . . maybe I just don’t like US history.

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories Essay

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories In order for an urban sociologist to discover â€Å"How urban societies work,† theories of â€Å"urban ecology† or â€Å"political economy† are used as a guide in their research. Urban ecology refers to the importance of social structure and social organization as shaping social life in the city. Urban ecologist concerns for social order, social cohesion, community ties and social differentiation offer key insight to how societies work (Kleniewski, 2001). Alternatively political economy stresses the use of power, domination and resources in the shaping of cities (Kleniewski, 2001). Urban sociologists’ theoretical approach to research questions is based on fundamental assumptions that they find most useful for understanding the operation of the social world. Therefore researchers using these different theories will ask different questions, examine different data and interpret their findings in different ways (Kleniewski, 2001). In the early years of 1910-1920, a time of social change and urban growth, urban sociologists in the United States, the Chicago School, were directly confronted by the diversity, liveliness and apparent fragmentation of urban life. The urban sociologists of the Chicago School drew a concern for order, cohesion and social relationships (Kleniewski, 2001). The founder of the Chicago School of urban sociology was Robert E. Park. He believed that cities are like living organisms, composed of interconnected parts and that each part relates to the structure of the city as a whole and to the other parts (Kleniewski, 2001). Park called his approach to urban life â€Å"human ecology,† a term used interchangeably with â€Å"urban ecology. Human ecology studies the â€Å"social norms† which are rooted in the relationship between human populations and the environment or territories they inhabit, stressing the orderly interaction of interdependent parts of social life in urban areas (Kleniewski, 2001). Human ecologist, Louis Wirth shared with the theoretical antecedents of urban ecology, Tonnies, Durkheim and Simmel, the notion that social interactions in cities were different from social interactions in rura l areas or small communities. He believed that social interactions in modern industrial cities were impersonal and fragmented. He believed that factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity were responsible for social relations found in cities (Kleniewski, 2001). This theory of human ecology was used to study human behavior such as, lives of gang members, homeless people and immigrants and to study changing land uses over time in order to show how the different populations of the city adapt to and compete for territories (Kleniewski, 2001. In comparison to urban ecology, political economy is concerned with how urban societies work. Although, political economist developed different understandings and interpretations of how urban societies actually work. In the 1970’s the city had many social problems which included welfare, unemployment and tax inflations. Theorist of political economy, Marx, Engels and Weber viewed the city as a site of struggle due to unequal distribution of resources (Kleniewski, 2001). Therefore in contrast to the urban ecology theory of humans being immediately dependent on their environment, the theory of political economy stresses that the city relies not only on its environment but its social arrangement, economic and political functions. Also in contrast to urban ecology, residential patterns are not only influenced by humans just adapting to their natural environment but by economic inequalities. This leads to competition. In contrast to urban ecology, competition not just among groups for space but among groups for control of economic resources. Political economists theorize that â€Å"social norms,† in contrast to urban ecology are not only influenced by size and density of the population but also influenced by the values of dominant groups (Kleniewski, 2001). These struggles or social forces help shape urban patterns and urban social life. Therefore, class, social status, political power, racial and ethnic conflicts also play a major role in shaping the city (Kleniewski, 2001). The Political Economy Perspective

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† By Maeve Maddox The other morning I heard someone on NPR use the word liminal. He immediately referred to it apologetically as â€Å"a fancy word.† Granted, liminal is not an everyday word, but it is one that adult readers encounter if they progress very far beyond the Ayres List. (The Extended Ayres List is a list of 1500 of the most common words, ranked by difficulty. It’s widely used as a spelling and vocabulary benchmark in US schools.) A cursory Web search indicates that the NPR announcer is not alone in feeling he must apologize for using the word liminal. The following examples are typical: Liminal  is a  fancy word  for having to do with a boundary. The academics have a  fancy word  for this space; they call it the â€Å"liminal†.   Liminal is a fancy word that means â€Å"1: of or relating to a sensory threshold; 2:  barely perceptible; 3: of, relating to, or being an intermediate state, phase, or condition:  in-between,  transitional.† The noun liminality gets the same treatment: Liminality is a fancy word meaning â€Å"a place of in-between-ness. The adjective liminal and the noun liminality are used with specialized meanings in psychology and cultural anthropology, but the words have found their way into the general vocabulary and have been in frequent use at least since the 1980s. Here are the general-purpose definitions: liminal adjective: characterized by being on a boundary or threshold, especially by being transitional or intermediate between two states or situations. liminality noun: a transitional or indeterminate state between stages of a person’s life; an indeterminate state between different spheres of existence. At least some writers targeting a popular audience are able to use liminal without apology: He’s wrecked, too, by his liminal  ­racial status: His father was an Irishman, his mother was black and he comfortably claims neither.- The NY Times. They [people mistakenly declared dead by government bureaucracy] basically can end up like Tom Hanks in â€Å"The Terminal,† wandering around in terrible liminal state of boredom and frustration, except without Catherine Zeta Jones for company.- The Washington Post film  noir occupies a  liminal  space somewhere between Europe and America, between high modernism and â€Å"blood melodrama,† and between low-budget crime movies and art cinema. More than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, James Naremore, University of California Press. Knowing the etymology of liminal makes it especially easy to learn. It derives from limen, the Latin word for threshold, the narrow part of a doorway that lies between two rooms or between the outside and the inside of a house. A person standing framed in a doorway is â€Å"in a liminal state† between larger spaces intended to be occupied. Words represent meaning. Some are more common in general usage than others, but any reader can learn any word. I don’t think that liminal is harder to learn than any other word that has entered the general vocabulary from the sciences. I’ve never noticed a speaker or a writer refer to neurotic or psychotic as â€Å"fancy words.† Writers who apologize for using unfamiliar words seem to assume that their readers are ignorant and wish to remain that way. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Whenever vs. When EverUsing "May" in a Question

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking Essays - Critical Thinking

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking Essays - Critical Thinking How Bias Influences Critical Thinking CRT/205 February 23, 2014 Captain E.F. Rollins How Bias Influences Critical Thinking I recently made a decision about a persons character. At work, we have an onsite caf which is managed by an outside company. The manager of the caf is not well liked by some employees of my company and most employees of the company that manages the caf. I had not had any direct dealings with him so did not have an opinion one way or another. A few weeks ago, one of the chefs decided to leave the employment of this company. When this young man told his manager he was leaving, the manager very rudely told him he was making a huge mistake. Also, around the same time I learned that this manager had fired another of his workers without cause. All of this, of course, was relayed to me from a coworker. I had no first-hand knowledge or concrete facts but still changed my opinion of this manager to one of strong dislike. Automatically, I thought this manager to be rude, egotistical, and insensitive. I was willing to believe these negative things about this manager which is negativity bias (Un iversity of Phoenix, 2012). While all of these things may be true, I allowed negative remarks made by someone else to color my decision. If these are not true, I have come to an incorrect conclusion about this manager. Since I do not have any facts to back up a decision one way or another regarding this manager, I should not be making a decision one way or another. REFERENCES University of Phoenix. (2012). What is critical thinking, anyway? Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CRT205 - Critical Thinking website.

Consumer Protection Law in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer Protection Law in the UK - Essay Example In SOGA 1979 14(2) as to quality the court found in Rogers v Parish ( Scarborough) Ltd [1987] QB 933 found that goods must be fit for the purposes for which supplied and failure to do so leaves them unmerchantable.6 In Jim's case he purchased the racquet at 250, a considerable amount for a tennis racquet. Further, because the severe surface damage to finish of the racquet and the fact its handle came off all within the first few weeks of normal use, the racquet as well was unmerchantable. In Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 the Court of Appeal had to consider the meaning of 'in the course of a business' in the context of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, s14(2), "where it limits the statutory implication of a term as to the quality of the goods to sales where sellers are acting 'in the course of a business'. ... 7 It will be contended that the broader meaning would also be more appropriate than that currently adopted in relation to the definition of 'deals as consumer' under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977." Further the guarantee, from the manufacturer, which came with the racquet stated that "We, Slammer Racquets plc, undertake that if, within twelve months of the date of the purchase, this racquet proves defective by reason only of faulty workmanship or materials, we will, at our option, repair or replace the same FREE OF ANY CHARGE for labour, materials or carriage on condition that the racquet has not been subjected to abnormal use. Exclusions: This guarantee does not cover damage resulting from improper use or neglect." As it was shown the racquet was in breach of implied terms of the contract as outline above, the next step was to ascertain if in fact the breach was a condition or a warranty of the sale or the goods did not conform to the contract. Jim purchased the Superslammer tennis racquet from Oldcastle Sports and Leisure (OSL) for 200 cash for the express purpose of learning to play tennis. He purchased the racquet based on the advertisement from the local newspaper. The advertisement read: "Slammer Racquets PLC announce the arrival of the Superslammer Tennis Racquet This is a fantastic new tennis racquet specially designed for beginners. Its unique anti-scratch finish means that however many times you knock it, scratch it, drop it, the scratches will not show. Your racquet will look as good as a new after many years of use. Buy one now from your Slammer Stockist." The statement coming from the manufacturer in the form of the advertisement was pre-contractual in nature; therefore, it is necessary to determine if it has contractual effect. To

Macroeconomics Assignments & Disscussions Assignment - 1

Macroeconomics Assignments & Disscussions - Assignment Example Two years before Pearl Harbor, the United States was a neutral country, meaning it did not want to be involved in the war since the country was still recovering from the effects of the Great Depression. But after Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt sought reason to enter the war. The president said that the only way to fight was to produce weapons and materials for war. This led to economic activities in the once sleepy towns of the U.S. which had been hard hit by the Great Depression (â€Å"PBS.org: War Production† par. 1). Production of war material such as aircraft and aircraft carriers, artillery pieces, tanks and hundreds of thousands of army trucks triggered the growth of the American economy. The United States manufactured more guns and ships than Europe and Japan did. The US had to shift from manufacturing agricultural products to war material (â€Å"PBS.org: War Production† par. 4). This is a report of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the second quarter of 2014 which has registered at $17,311,300,000,000. GDP, the article explains, is the gross economic output of the country, which may include goods and services. GDP is an economic measure which tells whether the economy is doing fine or not good. The article also explains about nominal in relation to real GDP. Nominal GDP provides information about economic output, with some quarterly output statistics but with no inflation calculation, and is also used for U.S. debt comparison. Debt-to-GDP ratio, which has been calculated at 102%, is an important part of the nominal GDP report. On the other hand, the U.S. per capita for 2013, an economic indicator for every American in the U.S., was estimated at $52,800. The article clearly explains the amount of GDP the country attained for the second quarter which is more than $17 trillion, but only for the second quarter of this year. It does not only provide news about GDP but it also explains about the U.S. economic output. The

Network Security Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network Security Paper - Essay Example This essay focuses on the increased concern over the effects of the heartbleed bug on the internet security (Codenomicon, 2014). This loophole allows stealing of secured information and data under normal settings, by the SSL/TLS encryption used to protect the Internet. The SSL/TLS covers privacy and communication security for applications found in the Internet such as the web, instant messaging (IM), email and virtual private networks (VPNs). The Heartbleed bug permits any user accessing the Internet to read the systems’ memory secured by the weaker versions of the OpenSSL applications. This jeopardizes the secret keys used to pinpoint the service providers and to encode the movement, the names and passwords of the users and the authentic content. This permits hackers to spy on data, steal information straight from the services and users and to impersonate services and users (Codenomicon, 2014). The Heartbleed bug is listed in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system as CVE-2014-0160. CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is the Standard for Information Security Vulnerability Names preserved by MITRE. The technical name, CVE-2014-0160 is named from the line of code that the bug is contained. However, a secure version of OpenSSL was released on April 7, 2014, after the Heartbleed bug was publicly revealed. At the time close to 17% an estimated half a million of the Internets protected web servers licensed by trust authorities were alleged to be exposed to the bug. Hence, permitting the stealing of the servers digital keys used to encrypt data and gain access over users session cookies and passwords (BBC News, 2014). The loophole allows a hacker to gain access of up to 64 kilobytes of server memory. However, the hackers execute the attack repeatedly to access a substantial amount of information. Therefore, a hacker can gain access to users’ cookies from web browsers and servers that keep

Bridgeton Industry, Automotive Component & Fabrication Essay Example for Free

Bridgeton Industry, Automotive Component Fabrication Essay 1.Industry and its relevant characteristics. As the original plant of Bridgeton Industry, Automotive Component Fabrication (ACF) supplies the most components to the U.S automotive industry. The plant has a long history that was established in 1840s and the site developed by several industrial uses. ACF could be the leader of the whole industry because the Big- Three automobile manufacturers are the ACF main customer, which bought the whole production of ACF. 2.Competitive environment  Although there are some competition mainly from local suppliers and other Bridgeton plants in domestic, ACF was still considered to be advantaged as the automotive market and US automotive industry dominated. But it was not that optimistic when the competition from global and domestic loss of market share happened. 3.Products and production processes.  During the 1987 model year, products were analysed and classified to different classes based on their quality, customer service, technical capacity and competitive cost position by a strategic consulting firm and it concluded that: Class I-fuel tanks; Class II-Manifolds, front and rear doors; Class III- Muffler-exhaust systems and oil pants. For producing fuel tanks, firstly six stamping lines from coated sheet metal are used to place those, and they automatically seam welded followed by placing together. Manifolds: a highly automated production process is used to produce stainless steel exhaust manifolds. And the parts are robotically welded after being loaded. The highly advanced system is disadvantaged in cost. Front and rear doors: those are the doors for vans. Four press lines with six presser per line in maximum are used to produce. Muffler-exhaust systems: sheet metal that is bet to shape is used to form those and robotically welded afterwards. Oil pans: it means small steel stampings are produced on two lines with one press each contained. 4. Description of the old cost system.  The overhead was allocated using a predetermined rate of percentage of direct labour cost and it used a single overhead pool. 5. Possible problems with the old cost system. Overhead was allocated using a predetermined rate of percentage of direct labour cost would be subject to some fluctuation. Sometimes it could not reflect the true cost as not every model year has the same percentage overhead of direct labour cost, so end of period adjustment is needed. As ACF’s production is various, using a single overhead pool could not reflect all the cost driven by different cost drivers.

Development of Intrusion Detection System Software

Development of Intrusion Detection System Software INTRODUCTION Heavy reliance on the Internet and worldwide connectivity has greatly increased that can be imposed by attacks plunged over the Internet against systems. It is very difficult to prevent such attacks by the only use of security policies, firewall or other mechanism because system and application software always contains unknown weaknesses or many bugs. In addition, complex, often unforeseen, interactions between software components and or network protocols are continually exploited by attackers. Successful attacks inevitably occur despite the best security precautions. There for intrusion detection system has become an essential part of the system because they can detect the attacks before they inflict widespread damage. Some approaches detect attacks in real time and can stop an attack in progress. Others provide after-the-fact information about attacks and can help repair damage, understand the attack mechanism, and reduce the possibility of future attacks of the same type. More adv anced intrusion detection systems detect never-before-seen, new, attacks, while the more typical systems detect previously seen, known attacks [1]. MOTIVATION The speed of growth of Internet is very fast without any end. With this growth the threat of attacks is also increasing. Because as we all know that theft can be occurred over the Internet from all over the world. So we require a system which can detect the attack or theft before there is some loss of information and reputation of organization or any individual. There are many solutions has been provided by the researchers and from many companies like firewall, intrusion detection system and IPS to stop the attacks. But still it is very hard to detect the attacks like DoS and worm propagation before they widespread, because regularly thousands of attacks are being developed and for a signature based intrusion detection system it is very hard to detect these kinds of new attacks with perfect accuracy. Mostly intrusion detection system generates many false alarms. These false alarms can affect the other processing of the network. If somehow any attacker gets to know that there is an intrusion detection system in the network then, the attacker will want to disable the intrusion detection system. His/her first target will be the intrusion detection system before attacking the network. So there should be proper security policies for deploying the IDS to take proper advantages of it. PROJECT OBJECTIVES Security is the main concern for any network. Every day thousands of attacks are created so that alarms and logs should be generated properly for reducing their effect. intrusion detection system and IPS are mostly used devices for providing these kinds of solutions. But there are many issues like performance and accuracy. So the main objective of the project is to develop a signature based intrusion detection system for DoS attacks with better scalability and performance i.e. intrusion detection system with minimum false alarms and with better throughput. In this study the example of TCP SYN flood attack will be taken for implementing and evaluating the performance and scalability of the developed intrusion detection system. Second Objective of this study is to discuss the policies for implementing the intrusion detection system securely. And these policies shall also be evaluated. Intrusion detection system intrusion detection systems (IDS) are software or hardware systems that automate the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network, analyzing them for signs of security problems. As network attacks have increased in number and severity over the past few years, intrusion detection systems have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of most organizations [2, 48]. There are many different types of intrusion detection system and they can be characterized by different monitoring and analysis approaches. Each approach has different advantages and disadvantages. All approaches can be described in terms of generic process model for intrusion detection systems. Many intrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components information source, analysis, and response [2]. OVERVIEW Chapter 1 In this chapter we will give a brief introduction of whole project, what is the motivation for selecting this project. What are the main objectives of this project? And what is the main problem which will be considered in this project. Chapter 2 is all about the literature review. In this chapter many different aspects of the intrusion detection system will be discussed like why we require intrusion detection system, different type of intrusion detection system, need for intrusion detection system, about attacks different types of attacks and many other different facts about intrusion detection system which can help to improve the knowledge about intrusion detection system. Chapter 3 will focus on the analysis and designing part of the intrusion detection system. How a computer system can be designed. What s the system engineering and different type’s models will be discussed. CHAPTER 2 NEED FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Internet is carrying more traffic than ever before and still growing in the size without any end. Along with the explosive growth comes an increased threat from Internet related attacks. The Internet allows theft to occur from anywhere of the world [14]. Many threats impact on the operation of your computer network. Natural threats such as flood fire and tornadoes, causes unexpected disruptions. Most companies have well-defined procedure to handle these natural attacks. Security procedures designed to combat hacker attacks, an unsecured network will definitely be attacked. The only question is when the attack will occur [14]. COMPUTER ATTACKS AND VULRANABILITIES intrusion detection systems have been adopted by many organizations because the organizations know that intrusion detection systems are necessary component of the security architectures. But still intrusion detection system is not too much popular, most organizations lack experienced intrusion detection system operators. intrusion detection system can be most effective if the human operates it. But before developing a signature based intrusion detection system the knowledge of the attacks is must. Signatures is a set of rules that sensor uses to detect typical intrusive activities. These rules are based on various criteria i.e. IP protocol parameters, transport protocol parameter and packet data [12]. THE PHASES OF THE ATTACKS Attack can be divided into three different phases. The first phase is defining the goal for attack. The second phase is the reconnaissance attack, also known as the information gathering. After collecting the information the attacker proceed to the third phase, the attacking phase [12]. FIRST PHASE: GOALS OF ATTACK Before attacking a network or system, an attacker sets her goals or objectives. When attacking network the attacker can have various goals: Data manipulation System access Elevated privileges Denying availability of the network resources MOTIVATION Revenge Political activism Financial gain Attackers attempt to disrupt network to discredit the particular organization’s image [12]. RECONNAISSANCE BEFORE THE ATTACK Collecting the information is the attacker’s second step in launching an attack against the network. Successful reconnaissance is also important for successful attack. Attackers use two main mechanisms to collect the information about the network. Public data source Scanning and probing An attacker sometime starts his knowledge search by examining public information available about company. By using these kind of information the attacker can determine that where the business is located, the business partners, the value of the company assets and much more. And through scanning, the attackers use remote reconnaissance to find specific resource on the network. The goal of the information gathering is to pinpoint weak points on the network where an attack is likely to succeed. By pinpointing specific weakness on the network, the attacker can launch an attack in the future that generates minimal traffic or noise on the network. This greatly reduces the likelihood of detection during the actual attack [12]. For example: ping sweep, vertical scan, horizontal attack, DNS query, block scan and many more. THE ACTUAL ATTACK After an attacker maps the network, he researches known vulnerabilities for the system that he detected. The attacker’s goal at this stage is to gain access to resources of the network i.e. Unauthorized data manipulation, system access, or privilege escalation. ATTACK METHODOLOGY Regardless of the motivation or personal preferences, an attacker has several attack methodologies from which to choose [12]: Ad hoc (random) Methodological Surgical strike (lightning quickly) Patient (slow) AD HOC (Random) An ad hoc attack methodology is unstructured. An attacker using this methodology is usually disorganized and those types of attacks frequently fail. It is difficult to comprehensively locate targets on the network. METHODOLOGICAL It provides a well-defined sequence of steps to attack a network. First, the attackers use the reconnaissance to locate the targets. Next the attacker locates the exploits for known vulnerability on the target. Finally when he satisfies with his toolkit he starts attacking system on the target network. SURGICAL STRIKE (Lightning Quick) Many times the attacker uses an automated script against a network. The entire attack is completed in a few seconds. Before the system administrator or security analysts have time to react and make any decision. PATIENT (Slow) It refers to how quickly the attacker executes his attacks. Usually the one uses a patient (slow) methodology to avoid detection. Many intrusion detection systems have difficulty detecting attacks that occurs over long period of time. BACK DOORS Viruses and worms provide a vehicle for an attacker to wreak havoc on your network and potentially the Internet. However, the spread of viruses and worms is much harder to determine in advance. Viruses and worms are much harder to determine in advance. Trojan horse program enables an attacker to establish back door on systems. However Trojan horse requires some type of transport vehicle [12]. DENIAL OF SERVICE TECHNIQUES The purpose of DoS attacks is to deny legitimate access to the network resources. These attacks include everything from simple one-line commands to sophisticated programs written by knowledgeable hackers. There are different types of DoS attacks some of them are- Network resource overload Host resource starvation Out-of-band attacks Distributed attacks NETWORK RESOURCE OVERLOAD One common way to deny the network access is by overloading a common resource necessary for network components to operate. The main common resource that can be attacked in the network bandwidth in several ways generating lots of traffic, distributing the attack across numerous hosts, and using a protocol flaws that amplifies the attack by soliciting help from many different hosts on the target [12]. Example- Smurf and Fraggle attack. HOST RESOURCE STARVATION The resources available at the hosts are also known as the attack point as well. One such resource is the buffer that a host uses to track TCP connections. OUT-OF-BOUNDS ATTACKS The first out-of-bounds attack category uses over-sized packet, it overflows the allocated buffer and causes the system crash. An over-sized packet attack is ping of death. DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS The latest trend in DoS attacks is for an attacker to compromise numerous hosts and then use all these compromised hosts to provide a massive against a specific target. These types of attacks are known as the distributed denial of service attack (DDoS). DISTRIBUTION EFFECT To disrupt the victims communication very badly, the attacker must compromise an agent machine that has more network resources than the victim. Locating and breaking into such a machine may prove difficult, if the target of the attack is well-provisioned site [16]. Distribution brings number of benefits to the attackers: By using distribution techniques, the attacker can multiply the resources on the attacking end, allowing him to deny service to more powerful machines at the target end [16]. To stop a simple DoS attack from a single agent, a defender needs to identify that agent and take some action that prevents it from sending such a large volume of traffic. In many cases, the attack from a machine can be stopped only if the machine’s human administrator, or network operator, takes action. If there are thousands agents participating in the attack, however, stopping any single one of them may provide little benefit to the victim. Only by stopping most or all of them can the DoS effect be palliated [16]. If the attacker choose agents that are spread widely throughout the Internet, attempts to stop the attack are more difficult, since the only point at which all of the attack traffic merges is close to the victim. This point is called aggregation point. Other nodes in the network might experience no telltale signs of the attack and might have difficulty distinguishing the attack traffic from legitimate traffic [16]. In DoS attack executed from a single agent, the victim might be able to recover by obtaining more resources. For example, an overwhelmed Web server might be able to recruit other local servers to help handle the extra load. Regardless of how powerful a single agent might be, the defender can add more capacity until he outstrips the attacker’s ability to generate load. This approach is less effective in defending against DDoS attacks. If the defender doubles his resources to handle twice as many requests, the attacker merely needs to double the number of agents- often an easy task [16]. TCP-SYN ATTACK The SYN-flooding attack is a Distributed denial-of-service method disturbing hosts that run TCP server processes. The attack take benefit of the state retention TCP performs for some time after receiving a SYN segment to a port that has been put into the listen state. The basic idea is to utilize this behavior by causing a host to retain enough state for bogus half-connections that there are no resources to establish new genuine connections [51, 52]. A TCP implementation may allocate to LISTEN state to be entered with either all, some, or none of the pair of IP addresses and port numbers specified by the application. In many common applications like web servers, none of the remote host’s information is pre known or preconfigured, so that a connection can be established with any client whose details are unidentified to the server ahead of time. This type of â€Å"unbound† LISTEN is the goal of SYN flooding attacks due to the way it is typically implemented by operating systems [51, 52]. For success, [51, 52] the SYN flooding attack relies on the victim host TCP implementation’s behavior. In particular, it assumes that the victim allocates state for every TCP SYN segment when it is received and that there is perimeter on the amount of such state than can be kept at any time. The [51, 52] SYN flooding attack does not attempt to overload the networks recourses or the end host memory, but merely attempts to exhaust the backlog of half-open connections associated with the port number. The goal is to send a quick barrage of SYN segments from IP addresses (often spoofed) that will not generate replies to the SYN-ACKs that are produced. By keeping the backlog full of bogus half-opened connections, legitimate requests will be rejected. Three important attack parameters for success are the size of the barrage, the frequency with which barrages2 are generated, and the means of the selecting IP addresses to spoof. Usually, [51, 52] systems implements a parameter to the typical listen () system calls that allows the application to suggest a value for this limit, called the backlog. 1 To be effective, the size of the barrage must be made large enough to reach the backlog. Ideally, the barrage size is no larger than the backlog, minimizing the volume of the traffic the attacker must source. Typical default backlog values vary from half-dozen to several dozen, so the attack might be tailored to the particular value determined by the victim host and application. On machines intended to be servers, especially for a high volume of the traffic, the backlogs are often administratively configured to higher. Another aspect makes both DoS and DDoS attacks hard to handle: Defenses that work well against many other kinds of attacks are not necessarily effective against denial of service. For years, system administrators have been advised to install a firewall and keep its configuration up to date, to close unnecessary ports on all machines, to stay current with patches of operating systems and other important software, and to run intrusion detection system to discover any attacks that have managed to penetrate the outer bastions of defense [16]. Unfortunately, these security measures often will not help against denial of service. The attack can consist of traffic that the firewall finds acceptable. intrusion detection systems are of limited value in dealing with DoS, since, unlike break-ins and thefts, DoS attacks rarely hide themselves [16]. WHAT IS INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM? intrusion detection systems gather information from a computer or network of computers and attempt to detect intruders or system abuse. Generally, an intrusion detection system will notify a human analyst of a possible intrusion and take no further action, but some newer systems take active steps to stop an intruder at the time of detection [4]. The goal of intrusion detection is seemingly simple: to detect intrusions. However, the task is difficult, and in fact intrusion detection systems do not detect intrusions at all—they only identify evidence of intrusions, either while they’re in progress or after the fact. Such evidence is sometimes referred to as an attacks â€Å"manifestation.† If there is no manifestation, if the manifestation lacks sufficient information, or if the information it contains is untrustworthy, then the system cannot detect the intrusion [5]. intrusion detection systems are classified into two general types known as signature based and heuristic based. Pfleeger and Pfleeger describe signature-based systems as â€Å"pattern-matching† systems that detect threats based on the signature of the attack matching a known pattern. Heuristic based systems, which are synonymous with anomaly-based systems, detect attacks through deviations from a model of normal behavior [6]. intrusion detection systems that operate on a single workstation are known as host intrusion detection system (HIDS), while those that operate as stand-alone devices on a network are known as NIDS. HIDS monitor traffic on its host machine by utilizing the resources of its host to detect attacks. NIDS operate as a stand-alone device that monitors traffic on the network to detect attacks. NIDS come in two general forms; signature based NIDS and heuristic based NIDS [7]. PROCESS MODEL FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM intrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components [2, 48]: Information Sources the different sources of event information used to determine whether an intrusion has taken place. These sources can be drawn from different levels of the system, with network, host, and application monitoring most common. Analysis the part of intrusion detection systems that actually organizes and makes sense of the events derived from the information sources, deciding when those events indicate that intrusions are occurring or have already taken place. The most common analysis approaches are misuse detection based (signature based) and anomaly detection. Response the set of actions that system takes once it detects intrusions. These are typically grouped into active and passive measures, with active measures involving some automated intervention on the part of the system, and passive measures involving reporting intrusion detection system findings to humans, who are then expected to take action based on those reports. INFORMATION SOURCE The most common way to classify intrusion detection system is to group them by information source. Some intrusion detection systems analyze network packets, captured from network backbones or LAN segments, to find attackers [2]. It can be describe by dividing three different parts. NETWORK BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM NIDS are intrusion detection systems that capture data packets traveling on the network media (cables, wireless) and match them to a database of signatures. Depending upon whether a packet is matched with an intruder signature, an alert is generated or the packet is logged to a file or database [8, 48]. Network-based intrusion detection systems often consist of a set of single-purpose sensors or hosts placed at various points in a network. These units monitor network traffic, performing local analysis of that traffic and reporting attacks to a central management console. As the sensors are limited to running the intrusion detection system, they can be more easily secured against attack. Many of these sensors are designed to run in â€Å"stealth† mode, in order to make it more difficult for an attacker to determine their presence and location [2, 48]. HOST INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM  or HIDS Host-based intrusion detection systems or HIDS are installed as agents on a host. These intrusion detection systems can look into system and application log files to detect any intruder activity. Some of these systems are reactive, meaning that they inform you only when something has happened. Some HIDS are proactive; they can sniff the network traffic coming to a particular host on which the HIDS is installed and alert you in real time [8, 48]. These types of intrusion detection systems run on host to reveal inappropriate activities on these hosts. The HIDSs are used for detecting the attacks from the inside and outside network. They provide snap shot about the existing system files and connect them to the previous. If the important system files were modified or deleted, the warning is sent to the administrator for inspection. The HIDS example is notice able on the machines with significant task; these machines do not expect the change of their configuration [9, 48]. APPLICATION-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Application-based intrusion detection systems are a special subset of host-based intrusion detection systems that analyze the events transpiring within a software application. The most common information sources used by application-based intrusion detection systems are the application’s transaction log files. The ability to interface with the application directly, with significant domain or application-specific knowledge included in the analysis engine, allows application-based intrusion detection systems to detect suspicious behavior due to authorized users exceeding their authorization. This is because such problems are more likely to appear in the interaction between the user, the data, and the application [2, 48]. INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS There are two primary approaches to analyzing events to detect attacks: misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection in which the analysis targets something known to be â€Å"bad†, is the technique used by most commercial systems. Anomaly detection, in which the analysis looks for abnormal patterns of activity, has been, and continues to be, the subject of a great deal of research. Anomaly detection is used in limited form by a number of intrusion detection systems. There are strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach, and it appears that the most effective intrusion detection systems use mostly misuse detection methods with a smattering of anomaly detection components [2, 48]. ANOMALY BASED DETECTION Anomaly detection uses models of the intended behavior of users and applications, interpreting deviations from this â€Å"normal† behavior as a problem. A basic assumption of anomaly detection is that attacks differ from normal behavior. For example, we can model certain users’ daily activity (type and amount) quite precisely. Suppose a particular user typically logs in around 10 Am., reads mail, performs database transactions, takes a break between noon and 1 Pm., has very few file access errors, and so on. If the system notices that this same user logs in at 3 Am., starts using compilers and debugging tools, and has numerous file access errors, it will flag this activity as suspicious. The main advantage of anomaly detection systems is that they can detect previously unknown attacks. By defining what’s normal, they can identify any violation, whether it is part of the threat model or not. In actual systems, however, the advantage of detecting previously unknown attacks is paid for in terms of high false-positive rates. Anomaly detection systems are also difficult to train in highly dynamic environments [5]. MISUSE DETECTION Misuse detection systems essentially define what’s wrong. They contain attack descriptions (or â€Å"signatures†) and match them against the audit data stream, looking for evidence of known attacks. One such attack, for example, would occur if someone created a symbolic link to a UNIX system’s password file and executed a privileged application that accesses the symbolic link. In this example, the attack exploits the lack of file access checks [5, 10]. The main advantage of misuse-based systems is that they usually produce very few false positives: attack description languages usually allow for modeling of attacks at such fine level of detail that only a few legitimate activities match an entry in the knowledge base. However, this approach has drawbacks as well. First of all, populating the knowledge base is a difficult, resource intensive task. Furthermore, misuse based systems cannot detect previously unknown attacks, or, at most, they can detect only new variations of previously modeled attacks. Therefore, it is essential to keep the knowledge base up-to-date when new vulnerabilities and attack techniques are discovered. Figure 2 shows how the misuse detection based intrusion detection system works is [11]. RESPONSE OPTION FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Once intrusion detection systems have obtained event information and analyzed it to find symptoms of attacks, they generate responses. Some of these responses involve reporting results and findings to a pre-specified location. Others involve more active automated responses. Though researchers are tempted to underrate the importance of good response functions in intrusion detection systems, they are actually very important. Commercial intrusion detection systems support a wide range of response options, often categorized as active responses, passive responses, or some mixture of the two [2]. IMPORTANCE OF THE INTRUTION DETECTION SYSTEM Usually we place a burglar alarm on the doors and windows of our home. We are installing an intrusion detection system (intrusion detection system) for our house. The intrusion detection systems used to protect our computer network operate in similar fashion. An intrusion detection system is a software and possibly hardware that detects attacks against our network. They detect intrusive activities that enter into our network. We can locate intrusive activity by examining network traffic, host logs, system calls, and other areas that signal an attack against our network [14]. There are different benefits that an intrusion detection system provides. Besides detecting attacks, most intrusion detection systems also provide some type of response to the attacks, such as resetting TCP connections [14]. DESIRABLE CHARACTERSTICS OF INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM There are different characteristics for an ideal intrusion detection system, which are listed below [many references]: An ideal intrusion detection system must run with minimum human supervision. An ideal intrusion detection system must be easy to deploy. An ideal intrusion detection system must be able to detect attacks intrusion detection system must not produce false negative alarms. intrusion detection system must not produce false positive alarms. intrusion detection system must report intrusion as soon as possible after the attacks occur. intrusion detection system must be general enough to detect different types of attacks. An ideal intrusion detection system must be fault tolerant; it must be able to recover from crashes and must restore previous state, either accidental or caused by malicious activities. An ideal intrusion detection system must impose minimal overhead on the system. An ideal intrusion detection system must be configurable to implement the securities policies of the system. THE PERIMETER MODEL AND DoS The perimeter model is an architecture commonly used by today’s organizations to protect critical infrastructures. This security model divides network architectures into two distinct groups; trusted and entrusted. The trusted group is often the finite internal infrastructure, whilst the entrusted group consists of infinite external networks. In this model two types of devices are used; firewall to control the traffic entering and leaving the trusted domain, and intrusion detection system to detect misbehavior of trust with in the trusted area boundary [18]. WHERE IDS SHOULD BE PLACED IN NETWORK TOPOLOGY Depending upon network topology, the intrusion detection system can be positioned one or more places. It’s also depends upon what type of intrusion activities should be detected: internet external or both. For example if the external intrusion activities should be detected, and only one router is connected to the internet, the best place for an intrusion detection system may be just inside the router or firewall. If there are many different paths to the internet, then the intrusion detection system should be placed at every entry point. However, if the internal attacks should be detected then the intrusion detection system should be placed in every network segment 2. Placement of the intrusion detection system really depends upon security policies 3 [8]. Note that more intrusion detection systems mean more work and more maintenance costs. Which defines that what should be protected from the hackers [8]? IDS AGAINST DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS (DoS) The goal of a DoS attack is to disrupt some legitimate activity, such as browsing, web pages, an on line radio and many more. The denial of service is achieved by sending message to the target that interferes with its operation and makes it hang, crash, reboot or do useless work [16]. A denial-of-service attack is different in goal, form, and effect than most