Schindler's List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schindlers angle - Movie Review ExampleSchindler, a business man in the record, becomes portrayed as a person who is profit oriented and self-centered in flake (Thomas 3). The ikon majorly centers on the life of this character as he does around with his life. Apart from Schindler, the film also had Itzhak the skinny, an accountant for Schindler. Itzhak in the story becomes depicted as a worker and a lover of his own multitude. The essay therefore, will analyze the blood between the two characters in detail and assess some of the focus the film managed to use converse concepts (Thomas 4). At the start of the film, Schindler manages to meet and talk with his accountant, arrant(a) concerning his motif to buy the Judaic enamelware factory. Schindler in the film becomes depicted as self-centered and had profit making character. Since Stern had the brains and the zeal to run some of the businesses Schindler had, Schindler swear Stern. The factory had earlier on been closed by the Nazis, but Schindler saw a way of making money through it (Zaillian & Keneally 33). Without thinking about the repercussions of buying the company, Schindler insisted he wanted to buy it. Stern did not approve of Schindlers intentions as he acted as if he did not respect the Jewish community. Schindler in the early scenes could be viewed as a traitor of his own people. ... In terms of non-verbal communication, in the film, Stern shows some gestures of not approving and disliking Schindlers opinion of wanting to buy the factory, simply by not accepting to have a drink with him. In addition, Stern got some facial expressions suggestive of disliking the idea (Loshitzky 23). Stern in the film becomes depicted as a clever person that does or so of the brain thinking for Schindler. Stern ensures that the enamel factory which Schindler wanted become bought, though used bribery. Deeper in the film, Stern saves the lives of his fellow Jews through coming up with ideas that helped in cl osure of the Plaszow labor camp (Loshitzky 76). In addition, it is Stern that runs the factory that ended up helping thousands of Jews by employing them and not making them non-essential. Stern cared a lot for his people right from the very start of the film and did whatsoever possible to ensure they were safe. Stern becomes depicted as the total opposite of Schindler, though the two remain related. In the beginning of the film, the kind between Stern and Schindler was more of the business type. Schindler in the film depicts characteristics opposite from Stern. As Stern cared for his Jew people from the very first, Schindler had been insensitive to the problems the Jewish people underwent. The film hence brings Stern to represent the elements Schindler lacked (Loshitzky 26). As the film progresses, Schindler starts experiencing a gradual change in character and heart concerning his Jewish people. In one of the scenes, Schindler witnesses the riddance of the Krakow ghetto by the Na zi people (Keneally 65). He majorly got touched after seeing the girl with the red cake tortured by the Nazis.

Planning and management of public relation campaigns Essay - 1

cookery and management of public relation campaigns - Essay ExampleThird, the Chartered Institute of frequent Relations (CIPR) defined public relations as about reputation and the planned and sustained effort to piss and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding amid an cheek and its publics (Langley, 2009).The roles of public relations practitioners are diverse, depending on the size, nature, and aims of their organizations. Their roles can include, but not limited to, the following (1) cause or relationship marketing- creating and preserving relationships to build customer loyalty (2) chat- sharing ideas, messages, or opinions through verbal/nonverbal/oral expressions (3) community relations- build relationships between/among organizations that impact one another (4) crisis management- responding to different kinds of crises and maximizing potentially positive outcomes (5) integrated marketing communication (IMC)- merging PR, marketing, and advertising to attain a uniform m arketing approach (6) issues management- identifying organizational issues and responding to them and (7) media relations- creating relationships between media and the organization (Johnston & Zawawi, 2014). The goal of this paper is to describe how a PR campaign is planned and managed in general crossways different organizations and sectors.The purpose of planning PR campaigns is to attain order and some control and predict big businessman over them (Gregory, 2010). Planning provides a sense of direction, clarification of important aims and goals, and ability to manage objectives, as well as processes and outcomes (Austin & Pinkleton, 2015). In addition, public relations must function to support and align itself with organizational vision, mission, and goals (Gregory, 2010). Strategic planning improves the ability of PR to determine PRs contribution to the company, the processes and steps involved to attain aims and objectives, and metrics and standards for paygrade (Gregory, 201 0).Planning refers to analyzing

Shakespeare othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakespeare othello - Essay ExampleHe is a manipulator and inhumane and desires for the demise of Othello by evoking jealousy in his mind against his wife Desdemona. Othello is a gentleman art object Lago is a vicious character who succeeds in destroying the life of Othello and his wife through his malicious nature. Analysis of relationship of Othello with Lago The Othello is the whizz of the play and Lago is villain and thus twain share a contradicting relationship with each other. The relationship of both is of conflicting nature. The conflict is between two characters who had been warmest friends in the nearest time. Othello being the General and Lago being the sure officer shared a lovable relationship with one another until the latter desires for promotion in his career and wanted to ruin Othellos life completely.Until the conflict both were looked upon as individual with splendiferous ability and amicable character. Othello was known as the noble moor and Lago was his con fident with honest character. The change in the attitude of Lago was sudden one and he immediately turned into a selfish man and lethal enemy of Othello. Lago treats Othello as a rival and wants promotion and take over the higher status in military. Othello has a free and open mind and this is utilized by Lago by conveying treacherous layer of Desdemona to Othello. Yet Othello says that She had eyes and Chose me .The rivalry rages between Lago and Othello, when the former hears that Cassius the friend of Desdemona had been promoted to lieutenant status which leaves him behind in master key hierarchy. Lago relationship with Othello turns bitter when he realizes that Othello has preferred Cassius for lieutenant role over him. He believes that Othello has cut rules of military and friendship, hence is only worth to be his enemy. The Othello had immense trust on Lago and was unaware of the unkindness growing in his mind against him. However, Lagos start to saw seeds of hatred in th e mind of Othello against Desdemona his near wife. The relationship verification of Othello and Lagos represents good versus bad. From the beginning of the play Lago is evil to Othello and as the play moves further he reveals his true colors. In the play, the character and intention of Lago remains same evil and Othello remains a marionette in his hand. Primary motor of Othello In the beginning of the play Othello, the central character Othello does not restrain any unjust motive. However as Lagos poisons his mind, he wishes to kill his wife due to the honor and rob he carried with his personality. He is definitely not much jealous as he is dishonored while hearing the disloyalty carried out by his beloved wife. The motive of honor encouraged him to kill his wife as he cried and enraged as an honored husband. Othello is a black man and he is being considered outcast by his wifes father who was white .But Othello loved Desdemona deeply and the sexual jealousy brought send by L ago hurts his ego, love and honor provokes him to kill Cassius and Desdemona. Primary motive of Lago The character Lago from the beginning of the play money box the end is evil . He is a person who disregards moral beauty, ethics or nobleness. His primary motive is treacherous and wants to destroy Othello in every way. His eyes are on promotion and destruction of Othellos. professional as well as personal life. He is wicked and is expert in performing acts

Comprehensive Strategic Case Analysis of Real Chocolate Study

comprehensive examination Strategic Analysis of Real Chocolate - Case Study ExampleThe familiarity is noted for its matinee idol in hand made gourmet chocolate made from finest quality ingredients with no artificial preservatives added. This cover presents a strategic analysis of the exercise objective chocolate company victimisation few analytical tools such as the PESTLE framework, Porters five forces and competitive advantage etc. The news report is structured as follows, in part one using the PESTLE framework the paper analyses the environment in which the company is operating based on the case, the Five forces framework of Porter also help us to kick our analysis. Part two of the paper carries out an internal analysis of the real chocolate company, by using basic financial ratios, the SWOT matrix, to identify its competitive advantage and resources capabilities while part three of the paper now uses Porters generic strategy and the TOWS matrix. In the concluding part of the paper, using the balance scorecard some recommendation are made.PESTEL framework is used here because the analysis is concerned with the Macro-environmental influences which can better be analysed by use of the PESTEL framework. Johnson et al (2006) states that the PESTEL framework is a framework that can be used to categorize the factors that influence the business environment of an organisation into six main types including Political Influences, Economic influences, proficient influences, affable Influences, Environmental influences, and Legal influences. (See appendix 1).The political environment of the United States was unstable following the period of the case with the then Republican government loosing popularity because of the war in Iraq the tooth for tat with Iran, its neglect of Russian on make out international issues. The situation was further made worst by its war for peace captioned war against bane. Thus, at the time of the case, the poor political climate of the States must have collide withed the operations of real chocolate company international expansion. In 2006, the political situation of the countries was the beans are grown affected labor negatively. Economic factors that affected real chocolate companies from the case, prices vary due to monetary fluctuations, raw materials are sources from other countries, the trade between US and Canada were the stores are based are liable to exchange rate fluctuations. favorable factors include growth in population. It was reported in June 2006, that the black pod, frosty pod, and witches broom diseases could adversely affect the cacao beans if these plant diseases are not controlled. Obesity is becoming a major concern in the USA. In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control reported that just eight states had 10 to 14 percent of the residents obese. Technological factor offers real chocolate company an opportunity of automated production without affecting

The S'No Risk Program (Management Decision Models) 2 Assignment

The SNo Risk Program (Management Decision Models) 2 - Assignment ExampleAfter going through the entire case it can be say that the most important reason behind the sudden hike in pass judgments by the indemnification firms was sudden flow of demand for Toro products, especially the power shovels during the winter months (Bell, 1994, pp.1-2) and the interest of consumers in buying larger models of shovels so as to take optimum benefit of the deal. The growing interest among the consumers to purchase Toro shovels provided dealers the prospect to clear striving from their warehouses and this helped them to regain their lost confidence. Also S no risk program had basic cost of gross revenue of 2.1% of sales which is generally 10% and hence the rates were heaved. The reasonable estimation of rates of insurance will depend on the factors like customer preferences, product demand, competitors insurance rates, cost of sales, telescope of profit of the order etc. Based on the case, the effect of plausible insurance rates and their family relationship with profitability can be derived from the following table- Items Single Stage Power digger Two-Stage Power Shovel Min Max Min Max Price ($) Retail Price 270 440 640 1500 Units Sold lakh 100000 20000 20000 Total Revenues 27000000 44000000 12800000 30000000 Basic Cost of Sales/Premium 2.1% 567000 924000 268800 630000 Profit 26433000 43076000 12531200 29370000 Premium 6% 1620000 2640000 768000 1800000 Profit 6% 25380000 41360000 12032000 28200000 Premium 8% 2160000 3520000 1024000 2400000 Profit 8% 24840000 40480000 11776000 27600000 premium 10% 2700000 4400000 1280000 3000000 Profit 10% 24300000 39600000 11520000 27000000 From the chart shown in a higher place it can be concluded that when the rates are raised profitability will get cut and vice-versa. Answer 2 The S No risk program by Toro is shown below From the consumers lead of view, the above pattern showcases an appealing proportion of refund which i s utterly reliant on the amount of snow in the area. The pattern states that when the snowfall would increase, the consumers would have the alternative to purchase any model of shovel and during lesser snowfall the customers would be allowed money back. However the money back alternative would be applicable till the average snowfall reaches 50%. Further than that the consumers wont get the reimbursement advantage. Hence it can be concluded that both the approach would be in support of the customer benefit. However a power might arise when a purchaser makes the purchase of a self-propelled two-stage shovel worth $1500 and during that yr the average snowfall in the area reaches 80%, then he will not be entitled to any money back benefit. In such situation the consumer might think that he has made an incorrect choice by expending $1500 for the shovel when he had the alternative to procure the shovel valued at $ 640. The table in the previous discussion demonstrates that the clients prefer to expend the smallest amount and keep the most gain from a deal. Therefore we can state that the rate which would be most authentic by the consumers is 6%. However 6% would not be favored by the insurance company as it would not bring them enough profits. Thus Toro must select a moderate rate considering both the related stakeholders and it should opt for the 8% rate. Answer 3 Snowfall is the common decision immobilize here. From Toros perspective, the volume of sales would exclusively

How Is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding To Essay - 2

How Is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding To Developments in the Macro surroundings - Essay ExampleThis research go away begin with the statement that the conception of selling is fundamentally explained as an activity for the purpose of generating, communicating, delivering and interchanging certain offerings that take in greater respect for the customers, partners, and community among others. The saying of marketing is generally utilized in order to certify a peculiar(a) customer, fulfill the various desires of the customer through offering better quality products on with attaining the expected business objectives. In this connection, the marketing concept depicts that if a business organization desires to fulfill its organizational goals, it is very much essential for the business organization initially to foresee the various sorts of logical requirements and wishes of the customers. The marketing conception can be more elaborately discussed by great ly emphasizing upon two particular imperative facets. The two facets include business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) segments. In terms of the marketing idea regarding business-to-consumer (B2C), the marketing concept is be as a method through which the business organizations generate greater value towards the customers and tend to nominate a smooth relationship with the customers by a large extent. From the perspective of the marketing conception regarding the business-to-consumer (B2C), the marketing idea is described as a procedure through which the business organizations generate superior value along with solutions and also tend to form the effective relationship with other business organizations or brands that are acting as competitors. The business organizations pay utmost importance towards the marketing concept for the purpose of increase their productivity as well as profitability along with raising higher value towards the shareholders. The aspect of m arketing environment is fundamentally viewed as a crucial constituent of a business environment that generally influences the capabilities of a particular company for the purpose of promoting as well as performing secure business operations in the financial market.

Marketing Campaign Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing track down - Case Study ExampleFurther much, it does not sacrifice the other wonders and advancements of car technology such as the optional Bluetooth capabilities or the option to overwhelm an input jack, so you can directly input whatever music you want to listen to while you drive around. Its your car, make it clean, make it affordable, and make it unpick well. Thats a Toyota.For this marketing campaign we baffle chosen to specifically target men. We believe that this vehicle is already sort of popular amongst women. However the gender gap is pretty big, and we need to find a way to market to more male customers. We argon vent to base the whole marketing technique around inject alive appeal, sports appeal, and make it so the Prius strongly appeals to the male population to increase our targeted sales. We be going to learn to include as many groups, including marketing to all age groups of men, and to include people from every finical bracket.Already, TV ads are going to be geared towards the younger 18-35 audiences and older male audiences(35+), but both of those groups allow for be targeted by the sex appeal marketing plan. In addition, we are to a fault going to neglect people of many different races into the advertisements, so we can increase the appeal of this product to a more diverse group of customers. People connect best with people who are similar to them, this is why we also make sure to include all racial demographics. We are currently working on determination several celebrities to star in these ads, and are awaiting the results of which celebrities are most popular amongst the different age demographics that we have set aside for the male gender. We will be using male, as well as effeminate actors, and intend to use attractive models to incorporate sex appeal into the marketing plan. Sex sells, everybody knows it, and if we could get a babe behind the wheel of a Prius or on a commercial, we would be golden. We have com e up with a temporary draft of a man driving a Prius, with a acid girl, and then a man driving another model stuck with an ugly girl. This idea is just a rough draft and sample of one of the TV ads that may be implemented and used.The first shudder of our campaign is going to be Internet based. We have joined with several huge advertising agencies to run online ads containing the Prius and the new Prius girls, a group of extremely attractive girls all swooning over the car, as they would in the first commercial idea. The ads will be run on companies such as Yahoo and Google, and we are currently looking into spreading these ads to popular sports sites to properly target the male demographic on the Internet, such as ESPN and Sports Net.The next campaign for our advertising is going to be TV, which will probably be the biggest baron of our advertising. We have come up with several ad ideas and are in discussions with several popular rappers to try to appear in some of our commercia ls. We are also hoping to get several foot ball stars, basketball stars, baseball stars, and, of course, plenty of attractive women. We need to make the Prius sexy, because if men think the Prius is sexy they are going to purchase it. Men want sex appeal and if they think driving a Prius will friend them have more sex appeal, then they will be more inclined to buy one. We are going to run these ads on the major networks, including EPSN, Comedy Central, FOX, ABC, Spike TV and CBS. In

Critically explore the extent to which 'sustainable development' is a Essay

Critically explore the point to which sustainable development is a meaningful course of action or a case of business a - Essay ExampleThis paper will critically explore the extent to which sustainable development is a meaningful course of action. It will begin by analyzing the term sustainable development, provide some background around the concept, and make progression towards finding gaps and flaws in the development of the term, its implementation, and supposed framework. The term sustainable development appears to be so widely used that almost anything or anyone merchantman jump on this bandwagon and use this term. Sustainable development is a term that is used by individuals, governments, and the diverse industries in the business sector. The idea of sustainable development is not new and has been around for much of human beingss history (Redcliff, 1987). The application of this concept can be evidenced way back one-third centuries ago, in the work of Malthus during the 17 00s, which has centered around population growth and on the demand that it causes on resources and inhering environment. The use of the term in the modern era has become so wide that, in fact, an characterless Google search returns over fifty million results. Allen and Hoekstra (1992) have gone as far as face that most stack are of the opinion that the term is advantageous. However, Fortune and Hughes (1997) view this concept as a meaningless notion, which centers to a western ethnocentric view with essence deficiency and is simply a paternal ideology. There are other schools of thought that describe the term as a paradigm (Daly and Townsend, 1992). However, in this sense it is though useful as it forms the basis of a methodology or theory that forms a conceptual framework for further development. agree to Hopwood et al. (2005), there is a valuable potential shift in understanding humanitys relationship with the environment. Sustainable development is a testament of humanitys growing awareness of environmental, social, and economic problems that can affect the future of all humankind. The growing awareness has been curiously prominent during the last one hundred years by growth oriented demand in economic terms, and the consequences that such an approach has on the environment and resource depletion (Dresner, 2002). The concerns became more prominent, following the publication of The Limits to growth (Meadows et al., 1972), highlighting that with the current trends in population growth and development, the earths carrying capacity would be exceeded indoors 100 years from the time of the report. In spite of the many given descriptions of sustainable development, the term has remained a variable concept that has been subject to a variety of interpretations and definitions. The publication of the Word Conservation Strategy (IUCN) in the 1980s was one of the reports known to have provided the first definition of sustainable development. The publication ca ught the interest of many people including critics who have considered the definition as limited. According to them, the given definition only pertains to a limited contract of ecological resource conservation, instead of involving the environment in conjunction with socio-economic issues. However, another prominent report seven years later by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) that is entitled Our roughhewn Future, appears to have addressed this and specifically made a direct relationship between environmental, social, and economic dimensions. According to Lafferty and Meadowcroft (2000), the report is

Strategic Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management - Term Paper ExampleThe strategic leadership team bequeath first look at economies of scale, the decline in per-unit product costs as the absolute flashiness of production per period increases (Keegan & Green, p.504). This determines entry barriers for competition and usually applies to cost, marketing and general business administration. The ability to narrow product is also part of assessing the threat of new entrants, based on the current level of place loyalty that exists with competition. In reference to Tesco, the environment is already saturated with many large-scale rivals such as Wal-Mart and thus Tesco must consider its branding strategies and also whether or not competition will adjust success with their own differentiation strategies by means of marketing and promotion. Capital requirements for new entry is also assessed through basic revenue analysis and needs for working capital (inventories) as well as advertisement costs, customer credit, a nd information systems technologies. Assessing distribution methodologies and capacity is also measured with this analytical tool when considering potential competitor barriers to entry and then measured against Tesco capacity opportunities.When considering supplier power, supermarkets like Tesco operate in an oligopoly, where there are few competition however businesses maintain the ability to exert control over market set and supplier bargaining power (investorwords.com, 2011). Thus, the Five Forces analysis tool shows that suppliers are made weak by their absolute reliance on grocery store successes related to consumer-based commodity products (Porter, 2011). However, as the case guide has identified that traditionalist consumer diets are constantly changing in China, the Five Forces analysis tool has limitations as suppliers could regain power when Tesco is forced to utilize localised distribution and purchasing strategies for unique products catered to Chinese modus vivendi

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to Essay

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to combat greed, hatred and delusion - Essay ExampleThe quartern noble truth is the result of learning and practicing, which is the coiffure in which one becomes enlightened. The greed, hatred and delusion fall under the second noble truth. They are aspects of the designer of suffering. This paper purposes to discuss how and why the unenlightened should strive to deal with these three poisons of humanity, as perceived in Buddhism.Greed, hatred and delusion in Buddhism have commonly been referred to as the three poisons or the three fires. opposite scholars of Buddhism have referred to them as the three unwholesome roots. Webster (2005 p 98) likens the three of them with evil desire. The reason for their being referred to as such is because of their nature to cause human beings to have a desire to happiness through the misemploy motive. A close look at these metaphorical references to these three aspects reveals that they can be very severe if not dealt with from a deterministic perspective. They can induce afflictive emotions and thoughts. Buddhism teaches that the three are a by-product of ignorance. By referring to them as a byproduct of ignorance, the teachings of Buddha point to the fact that there is a means of combating them. This focussing go away be by applying the teachings of Buddha and practicing them so that the somebody who harbored them can become intelligent, or realize the fourth noble truth. Going by the fact that these three aspects are a result of ignorance, it is reasonable that the person experiencing them follows the recommendations of Buddhas teachings so that they can become knowledgeable. This is to mean that the essence of combating greed, hatred and delusion is to become intelligent. This will be advantageous to the persuerer because they will become intelligent, and will have cured the disease of suffering.The Buddhist guesswork behind greed, hatred and

TORTS CD 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TORTS CD 2 - Research Paper ExampleLater on the information of 2 witnesses, police started investigating and memorialing the style of Mr. Holden. According to the 1st witness said that Holden not always finished selling marijuana later on his before reported arrest, and that he was then traffic both oxycodone and marijuana. The witness furnished extra information about Mr. Holden (Steele, 2012).According to another witness Mr. Holden unbroken on dealing marijuana, many pounds at particular time period. He further informed the trade union movement force about Mr. Holden that he recently dealt marijuana from his home. Later on task force track every movement of Mr. Holden for twenty days or more through the GPS system.In this case the skipper court ruled the decision of lower court and passed a decision that the usage of GPS for tracking the movement of people without any warrant is against the right of privacy of people.Anonymous (2011). Delaware Court Rules Against GPS Motorist Tracking.The Truths About Car. Retrievedfrom

Criminal Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Investigation - Essay ExampleSimilarly, objects can point in the direction of the brace since objects melt in the direction of the fire.2. Source of the fire. This clue usually indicated by an area with the worst rail at since the fire burns for a longer time at the origin. Structural damage can in any lineament help to identify the origin of the fire as structures tend to collapse from the most weakened exposit due to longer burning (Russell 2009).According to Fire investigations (2013), the most decisive evidence in the case of arson is the presence of accelerants, which act to tamper with the fire triangle, a source of fuel, oxygen, and heat. The presence of accelerants shows that the fire was non unintentional but an act of arson. Where there is evidence as to assess of the place, such as tools employ for forced entry, as well as witnesses where their testimonies are also essential since they support the conviction of arson. record regarding the content of the bu ilding anterior to the fire is also vital as it can indicate penury in the fire. Motive in this case may result from movement of goods out of the building prior to the fire for insurance fraud or starting the fire to conceal a previous

The advantages of teaching Citzenship as a discrete subject over Essay

The advantages of teaching Citzenship as a discrete compositors case over teaching it through other subject argonas of the curriculum - Essay Exampleship, exclusively, is both a discrete subject and also a culture - which is a way of living with its own straightforward set of values, attitudes and nature which supports continuous lifelong learning. Since citizenship education is so completely new to the curriculum in most schools, the timetable contexts in which it takes place are likely to vary preferably considerably.Many schools are recognizing the wider benefits of citizenship and disco biscuit special themed days with a collapsed timetable and specialist speakers. In some schools, citizenship may be part of, and an appurtenance to, existing programme of Pastoral, Social and Health Education (PSHE). In others in that respect may be timetable slots quite explicitly labelled Citizenship.In yet others, the requirements of the citizenship curriculum may be addressed within a fr amework of Humanities teaching. Still other schools may decide to address citizenship in a solely embedded cross-curricular way, identifying specific elements of the citizenship curriculum to be included in individual subject departments schemes of work.Some schools are taking the opportunity to reflect on their organisation and are embracing a citizenship ethos in which citizenship concepts and fellowship are developed through active participation and greater learner responsibility.These schools have effective schools councils, pupil consultation and representation, shadowing, specialist student training, peer work, whole school special focus days, local and case student elections, involvement with other schools and links with the wider community including their local councilors and MP.Trainees on the course are encourage to see themselves, first and foremost, as citizenship teachers capable of straddling most, if not all, of the fields of knowledge and pedagogical approaches to which reference has been made.Realistically, and in order to build a viable personal teaching timetable while on school experience, there may be a need to undertake

Discussion board one Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

word of honor board one - Coursework ExampleFor majority of the uncomplainings visiting my nursing unit, I have offered quality wellness c be and for those with specialized needs I have offered referrals. This ability to work within my knowledge kitchen stove and to offer appropriate referrals have contributed to high autonomy which has upshoted to informed decision making when combined with enduring of trends and cues.Besides autonomy, my exercise of power over the context of practice has seen me yield high quality patient outcomes. My work is in a well equipped nursing unit which is delegated to the duty of ensuring that there are nurses closely working with the patient at all time especially given that the patients are judge to acquire a changed way of life. Additionally, the nursing unit is designed such that each nurse has mates opportunity to contribute or participate in informed decision making especially when it comes to patient needs. I believe that by possessing the power to participate in patient related decision, whether at their bedside or within the nursing unit, I get empowered and empower others which then yield overall ameliorate patient and nursing outcomes. As a nurse, the good health of patients is something I always look in the lead to achieving. According to Amer (2013) when nurses, especially in rehabilitation units, manages to effectively control both content and context of their practice, the result is high quality patient outcomes and job satisfaction for the nurses eliminating burnout and depersonalization.Within the rehabilitation unit, there are rewards for brainy ideas on handling and relating to patients. However, the people in management opt to wait to reward in future tense other than go for rewards in the present (Sullivan, 2013). On one such occasion, I managed to contain a difficult patient and every nurse in the unit got excited about the patients outcome in a week. I was not rewarded as the unit management remai ned quiet. However, during the next kick upstairs meeting held once a month

Financial Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Performance - Research Paper ExampleIn this concern, the most common informant of information comes from the Financial Statements of the company. Reviewing monetary information helps an investor and creditor to recognize companys strengths and weaknesses that leads to good investment strategies and financial planning. The information found on the financial statements is important to companys managers, stock and bonds analysts, bank loan officers and to competitors. This study will use ratio analysis as a means to gain perspicacity into the strengths and weakness of Walgreens Company. Three types of ratios will be used by this study to get into the desired information. data will come from the published financial report of Walgreens and its competitors. First is the trend or time serial publication analysis ratio to evaluate Walgreens performance over time. A cross-section analysis ratios will be done to establish comparison with different companies at same point in time . Last is the industry comparative analysis ratio to confirm the companys ratio against the industry where Walgreens is competing in. 1. Fig. 1.

Idealism as an approach in international politics is simply naivety, Essay

high-mindedness as an rise in international politics is simply naivety, do you agree - Essay ExampleThe synchronization of the topical anaesthetic and international policies can lead to improved success and ease of integration. Idealism is based on person-to-person values are integrated into social values (Connelly & Panagakou, 2010, p. 56). In spite of having the best values and address in domestic issues, idealism has failed to the replicated in the global arena because of the difficulty in transforming the values. The concept of idealism has non been effective in handling the global conflicts based on several issues affecting countries. The laissez-faire(prenominal) nature of countries has made the challenge extremely difficult. Countries currently focus on what will benefit them and not on idealistic values. The creation of allegiance between countries is based on countrys enliven and not values (Tomuschat, 2010, p. 45). For instance, the continual negativity and differen ce in stance between Russia and America is a product of interests and not values. These interests affect the development of values and principles guiding the countries. Since the development of the concept of idealism, several issues affect the society that in turn influenced the social values. Failure of idealism The failure of idealism can be linked with the events after the First innovation War because it failed to capture the issues affecting society. In fact, the post struggle issues were not addressed by the idealism present by the international policy. The failure to address the relationship situation of the countries affected the nature of international development, which in turn affects the countries around the world. Idealism is dependent on own(prenominal) and state values and policies which depended on the interest of the nation (Podany, 2010, p. 136). During the First World War, it is estimated that over sixty zillion civilian and military causalities which led to the development of a new political theory. According to idealist theory, a lasting peace is constructed around the elimination of war. The argument of the idealist is that the war was caused by defects in the exhibit of real politics. The result of the ideology is the creation of the new geological formation called The League of nations. The League of Nations was an international organization focusing on control and moderation of the undivided states actions against each other. The approach was supported by the instalment of international treaties (Perkins, 2013, p. 113). The aim of the international government was to limit weapons while maintaining collective security and renouncing the use of war as a national policy. The League of Nations did not achieve success because after the First World War, the Second World War occurred and the development of other inter-nation aggression and war. The failure indicated the non-relevance of the idealist approach apply after the First Wo rld War. Human reason as a basis of idealism Idealism relies on human reason as the foundation of its development. The philosophical basis of the Wilsons peace integrity was borrowed from Benthams idea, which was developed a century earlier. The placement of faith in the power of reason, public opinion, individual liberty and social openness as the key values to the idealistic principles led to failure. The concept jilted secret negotiations and alliances which is a prevalent feature in the current international relations. The main principle was the confidence on the human reason (Tomuschat, 2010, p. 13). Human reason allows an

Mohammed Morsi Essay Example for Free

Mohammed Morsi EssayThe Moslem frats Mohammed Morsi has ferment Egypts initiative freely prefered president after a delayed announcement of the results of cobblers farthest week end ups runoff. He beat spring Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq by more than than almost 900,000 suffrages. Morsi secured 51.7% of the balloting, comp ard to 48% for Shafiq.Mohammed Morsi heads the waivedom and arbiter Party (FJP), the Islamic unions semi semipolitical arm.Mubarak appointed Shafik as prime minister in response to the protests against his regime. Shafik resigned a brusque more than a month later amid protests decrying him as a hold everyplace from a discredited, ousted regime. Supports the domineering Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) SCAF is serious about creator hand over and is seeking to achieve the goals of the transition. SCAF stands at an equal distance from whole political and religious powers. Parliamentary electionsthe Islamic Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice so ciety seems set to emerge as the biggest winner, with slightly analysts estimating it testament capture about 40% of seats in the reinvigorated legislature. Al-Nour, a more saveton-d have got Salafist caller, looks likely to secure second place.The Muslim Brotherhood (known in Arabic as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen) is Egypts oldest and largest Islamist organization. As the most organized opposition root interest the ouster of former chairperson Hosni Mubarak in 2011, the Brotherhood became the countrys dominant political force, winning a near studyity of seats in the post-revolution parliament, and its candidate, Mohammed Morsi, winning the presidency. more or less Egyptians are concerned over the groups aim to establish a state rulight-emitting diode by sharia, or Islamic law, and ambiguity over its respect for human rights. Such concerns intensified after Morsi announced unexampled sweeping powers for the presidency in late 2012 and a draft of theproposed constitution was published. The domestic political challenges also provide a difficult road for U.S.-Egypt relations, especially with regards to foreign aid.The Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the political party of the Muslim Brotherhood, could not have come into organism without the 25 January revolution. Up to that time, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Egypts most powerful Islamist organization, was not only denied the right to form parties, tho also bar at least legally from political life. As a result, the group had to pay a profound price in detentions and repression to practice politics under the swayer of former death chair Hosni Mubarak. The group had been assay to get a foothold in the countrys political arena for decades but was met with entrench opposition by the Mubarak regime, which tended to accommodate the Brotherhood, but only within strict limits.Now, after the 25 January uprising, the groups political ambitions have resurged on an unprecedented scale. authorizedly founded in May 2011, the FJP says that it is committed to a modern state, democracy, womens rights, and national unity. The FJPs initial membership of nearly nine thousand include angiotensin converting enzyme thousand women and one hundred Copts. New members are subject to a probationary finale of six months after which, and based on their performance record, they become eligible for permanent membership. The FJPalong with the Salafist Al-Nouris among a very few Egyptian political parties that issue probationary membership Formed bail bond with relate of Democratic Alliance (Freedom and Justice)Al-Nour PartyEstablished in the wake of the 25 January uprising, Al-Nour (The Light) Party is the largest of Egypts terce commissioned Salafist parties (the other two being Al-Asala and Al-Fadila Parties). It was established by Al-Dawa Al-Salafiyya (The Salafist Call), Egypts largest Salafist group, commonly known as Al-Daawa Movement. Al-Daawa started in Alexandria where it now enjoys a consi derable following.Al-Nour Party was officially licensed in June 2011. Official registration is of paramount importance in Egypt at the present time, as the authentic election law limits the right to contest two-thirds of the seats of the upcoming parliament to a limited publication of officially registered parties, including Al-Nour. Under the rule of former President Hosni Mubarak, the state generally did not allow for the fundamental law of Islamist parties, but after the revolution many Islamist groups managedto obtain official political party license.The Islamist Bloc is an electoral coalition formed by three Islamist political parties with the aim to integrate their efforts in the upcoming parliamentary elections. The Islamist Bloc is comprised of the Salafist Al-Nour and Al-Asala Parties, as well as the Building and Development Party, the latter of which was founded by the Islamic mathematical group (Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya).Wafad partyWafd Party is one of Egypts oldest broa d-minded parties and is expected to play a significant mapping in the upcoming elections. With deposed President Hosni Mubaraks ruling party officially disbanded, Wafd has emerged as an influential histrion in the political arena. The party commands the largest network that any political party in Egypt possesses today, covering major cities in twenty-four out of twenty-six Egyptian governorates. With a distinguished group of top Egyptian businessmen on its membership list, Al-Wafd stands out as one of the few established parties that do not face the same financial constraints that have historically challenged many of the countrys political parties. The party also enjoys a very strong presence in the media, thanks to its famous daily newspaper, its lucre portal, and a professional, well-equipped media department.Additionally, Wafds current leader Al-Sayed Al-Badawi is owner of Al-Hayat, one of Egypts top five television set channels. Such are luxuries that very few Egyptian partie s possess. Wafds history dates mainstay to the beginning of party life under the monarchy, making it the oldest among existing Egyptian political parties. The name of the party is Arabic for The Delegation, and it references Saad Zaghlouls attempt in 1919 to lead a favourite delegation to the post-World War I Paris sleep Conference to demand independence for Egypt against the will of British occupation authorities. Threatened by the immense popular support that Zaghloul was able to garner for his mission, British authorities exiled the Egyptian nationalist leader along with members of the prospective delegation to Malta. This move instigated a mass uprising, which led to the 1919 Revolution.The Egyptian BlocThe Egyptian Bloc consists of the Free Egyptians Party, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party and Al-Tagammu Party. The Bloc is often portrayed as a worldly-leaning alliance that seeks to counterbalance the influence of the Muslim Brotherhoodin the upcoming elections, specific ally the Brotherhood led Democratic Alliances electoral coalition. Members of the Bloc announced in early November that their partnership is not simply a short-run electoral coalition, but encompasses a long-term political alliance aimed at turning Egypt into a cultured democratic state.Magdi AbdelhadiMiddle East analystThe Islamists rise to power in Egypt will send shockwaves with the courts and palaces of conservative Arab kings and presidents who have tried for decades to put the lid on political Islam. alone foremost among Egypts neighbours who watched the brotherhoods success with transpose magnitude alarm is Israel. Cairo was the offset printing Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel and the brotherhood has traditionally been vehemently opposed to that. But its opposition has softened over the forms at least publicly.It is astray believed that the Muslim Brotherhood have reassured capital letter that an Islamist government in Egypt would respect the peace cu t with Israel. Given also that the ruling force council will continue to have the final say on matters of war and peace, it is unlikely that the brotherhood can put that peace at risk. It is also more likely that Mr Mursis immediate priority will be to concentrate on Egypts many daunting domestic problems including rampant poverty and unemployment.Debating leadershttp//www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/opinion/21iht-edzewail21.html?pagewanted=allFrom the time of Ramses II, the strong pharaoh who ruled Egypt thousands of geezerhood ago, until survive year when Hosni Mubaraks reign ended, Egyptians were never able to witness a debate over who should con over the democratic reins in the elevatedest office of the land. Our new culture of debate, together with the election of the Parliament last December, are milestones in the history of the nation, paving a new, but rocky, path toward democracy. The open debate betwixt the secular and religious orientations of politics wasunthinkable ov er the past 60 years. This new openness delegacy the Egyptian body politic is maturing. In the end, Egyptians know that, for the startle time, they can choose their future. It wont be dictated or imposed by anyone.Army protected revoUnlike in nigh Syria or earlier in Libya, the Egyptian Army has taken the high road and protected the revolution in its infancy. And it has been the guardian of these unprecedented transparent elections.ProblemsAmong the most serious problems are economic hardship, the uncertainty of the political climate and the deterioration of security a feature that Egyptian society faces anew. These problems have been compounded over the past 15 months as each of the three main constituencies involved in the revolution the authoritative Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), which is in charge of the transition period the politically liberal as well as Islamic-oriented parties and the spring chicken who triggered the uprising have stumbled in one way or another .Little bloodshedIt is a hopeful sign indeed that we Egyptians are still marching forward toward democracy with relatively little bloodshed. All signs indicate that a counterrevolution is not in store for Egypt. We will not turn back to a totalitarian governing system. Perhaps the most encouraging of all is the confidence of Egyptians in their future.In Egypt, a Victory for Democracy but Fear for the Futurehttp//www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-25/in-egypt-a-victory-for-democracy-but-fear-for-the-future So many questions remain unrequited that what can vanquish be said is that either SCAF and the Brotherhood have worked out a give care of some sort or the political jousting has only scantily begun, wrote Issandr El Amrani, a popular blogger on Egyptian politics. Both the Brothers andSCAF have positioned themselves in a manner in which backing down from their individual positions on the question of parliament and the Supplemental inbuilt Declaration would be a loss of face. Tensions ran high for two weeks, when the SCAF assumed legislative responsibilities after shutting down the Islamist-controlled Parliament, announced a Supplemental Constitutional Declaration that drastically reduced presidential powers, and gave themselves the ability to veto articles of drafts of Egypts new constitution.They also reintroduced martial(a) law, allowing soldiers to arrest civilians. Critics called their actions a soft coup. The Muslim Brotherhood, the most powerful political player in Egypt, has on the surface ref phthisisd to accept any of these decisions, staging a sit-in in Tahrir Square and issuing high-pressure statements to the media, all the while vowing to pressure the soldiers government to rescind their declarations. It was a rare move, as the matter-of- situation group is more generally known for cutting deals with the regime rather than going toe-to-toe. Last week, with the orifice of a victory by Ahmed Shafiq, the other candidate in the run-off ele ction who is widely viewed as reorient with the military, the Brotherhood showed a willingness to work with the revolutionary groups it had mostly ignored since the uprising against Mubarak.Morsi pledged to form a national salvation government to include secular politicians, Christians, and women. The big question is Can they build a broader, more inclusive front that can effectively challenge SCAFs grip on power? asks Shadi Hamid, director of research at the Brookings Doha Center. Now that fear of Shafiqs victory has passed, is there still abounding that binds the opposition groups together? I do think the Brotherhood has at least implicitly acknowledge the mistakes of recent months and they have tried to strike a more conciliatory tone, and the recognition that they cant do this alone because they are conflict a very challenging adversary SCAF and the old regime. To total to the challenges of running a country with a crumbling economy, President Morsi won with a narrow margin , garnering 51.7 percent of the vote. He had promised to be the president of all Egyptians during his first address to the nation Sunday night.The game was being vie almost like a game of poker on both sides, says Hani Shukrallah, managing editor of the English-language online version of the Al Ahramnewspaper. If we have reached a compromise, thats a bit serveful for healing the deep schismswithin society. We have a society thats been split down the middle, with enormous polarization. Most of the state who voted for Morsi did so out of consternation of Shafiq. On a side street leading to Tahrir Square on Sunday night, Ehab El Shawi led his three children to the epicenter of the celebration in the birthplace of Egypts uprising.Like many, he was caught between jubilancy at the idea of a new president and the reality of the offices lack of power. This is the first time all Egyptian lot made a choice in 7,000 years to elect a normal Egyptian citizen. This is the first time we have freedom in more than 60 years, El Shawi said happily of the first non-military president in Egypts history. But we have to change all the decisions taken during the presidential elections and force the powers to ensure Dr.Morsi will have all the power to draw in Egypt a modern country, he added. We still need to take Egypt back from the old regime...TimelineAnti-Mubarak protests2010 February Former UN thermonuclear chief Mohammed ElBaradei returns to Egypt and, together with opposition figures and activists, forms a coalition for political change. ElBaradei says he might run in presidential election scheduled for 2011. 2010 March President Mubarak undergoes gall-bladder surgery in Germany, returning to Egypt three weeks later. 2010 June Muslim Brotherhood fails to win any seats in elections to the Shura consultative upper house of parliament alleges vote was rigged. 2010 November Coptic Christians clash with practice of law in Giza over construction of church. Parliamentary polls, followed by protests against alleged vote rigging. Muslim Brotherhood fails to win a single seat, though it held a fifth of the places in the last parliament. 2011 January 21 killed in bomb at church in Alexandria where Christians had gathered to mark the New Year. Anti-government demonstrations, simply encouraged by Tunisian street protests which prompted sudden departure of President Ben Ali.President Mubarak reshuffles his cabinet but fails to placate demonstrators, whose calls for his resignation grow louder. Days later he promises to step down in September. 2011 February President Mubarak steps down and hands powerto the legions council. 2011 March Egyptians approve package of constitutional reforms aimed at paving the way for new elections. 2011 April Former President Mubarak and his sons, Ala and Gamal, are arrested on suspicion of corruption. 2011 April- sublime Protests continue in Cairos Tahrir Square over slow pace of political change. Islamist groups come t o the fore. Army finally disperses protestors in August. 2011 August Former President Mubarak goes on trial in Cairo, charged with ordering the killing of demonstrators earlier in the year.2011 October Clashes between Coptic Christians and security forces kill 24 quite a little. Egypt and Israel swap 25 Egyptians in Israeli cargo area for a US-Israeli citizen filed of spying. 2011 November Violence in Cairos Tahrir square as security forces clash with protesters accusing the military of trying to keep their grip on power. Prime Minister EssamSharaf resigns in response to the unrest. Start of parliamentary elections. 2011 December National unity government headed by new Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzouri takes office. 2012 January Islamist parties emerge as victors of drawn-out parliamentary elections. 2012 March Pope Shenouda III, the veteran head of the Coptic Church, dies. 2012 April Crisis in relations with Saudi Arabia over the Saudi detention of an Egyptian lawyer brie fly threatens the substantial aid that the Saudis provide Egypt. commencement free presidential poll2012 May Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi tops the first musical rhythm of voting in first free presidential elections, narrowly ahead of Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafiq. Official media put turnout at a low 43%. Military leaders announce the end of the state of emergency in place since Anwar al-Sadats assassination in 1981, as its last renewal expires. 2012 June Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi narrowly wins presidential election.Armyvs civilian rule Court sentences ex-President Mubarak to life in prison for complicity in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising. 2012 July President Mursi submits to a Supreme Court ruling that the parliamentary elections were invalid, after ab initio ordering parliament to meet in defiance of a military decree dissolving it in June.2012 August New prime ministerHishamQandil appoints a cabinet dominated by figures from the outgoing government, technocrats and Islamists, to the exclusion of secular parties. Islamist fighters attack anarmy outpost in Sinai, killing 16 soldiers, and mount a brief invasion into Israel, highlighting the tenuousness of government control over the largely-lawless area. President Mursi dismisses Defence Minister Tantawi and Chief of Staff Sami Annan and strips military of say in legislation and drafting the new constitution. 2012 September Egypt kills 32 militants and destroys 31 smuggling tunnels to Gaza in an offensive against militants who attacked troops in Sinai in August. 2012 November Bishop Tawadros is chosen as the new pope of Egypts Coptic Christians.President Mursi issues a decree giving himself extensive new powers. The decree sparks angry demonstrations and is condemned by Egypts top judges, who accuse him of undermining the independence of the judiciary. The Islamist-dominated constituent assembly tasked with writing a new constitution appro ves all 234 articles of the draft constitution, which boosts the berth of Islam in Egypts system of government. The assembly session is boycotted by liberal, left-wing and Christian members. The vote is held earlier than sooner scheduled, after Egypts constitutional court threatened to dissolve the constituent assembly. http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13315719http//www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/23-egypt-indykProspects for Democracy in EgyptTheres a conventional wisdom in the United States that Arabs are incapable of sustaining a true Western-style, liberal democracy. It will take them hundreds of years to acquire a democratic culture, the argument goes. And in the meantime new authoritarian regimes either Islamist or military will replace the ones that have been overthrown in the past year and give us all a lesson in Arab democracy. Advocates of this view were the first to announce, with all-knowing smiles, that the Arab Spring had become an Arab Winter. When Islamist parties won free and mostly fair elections in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco in recent months, the proponents of this view had an I told you so moment and they were quick to denounce anybody who said otherwise as hopelessly naive.After a protract hibernation, politics has broken out in Cairo, the capital of the Arab Awakenings. For the first time in six decades people are acquiring a taste for freedom and, yes, Western-style democratic politics. The issues they debate so vigorously are critical to the shape of Egypts democratic future What will be the residual powers of the Egyptian military? Whats the best model for dividing powers between the Presidency and the Parliament? What revisions should be made to the Constitution to ensure democratic rule?At the same time, the newly-elected parties are busy engaging in the horse-trading necessary to coalition politics, since no one party gained a majority (the Muslim Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice Party won around 47 percent of th e vote the Salafi Al-Nour Party won 25 percent, and a variety of liberal parties won the rest.). We were handle to an amazing sight Salafi religious purists attempting to negotiate an alliance with liberal secularists. How did they thoify such a pragmatic sanction deal?The enemy of my enemy is my friend, one of them explained to us. They can both agree on a short-term political agenda countering the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood and getting the army out of politics. And what about the annoyance of Sharia law? The leader of the Salafi Al-Nour Party noted that his party is comfortable with the conservative nature of Egyptian society so a campaign to impose sharia law is unnecessary. They can be at rest (at least for the time being) with the existing language of Article 2 of the Constitution which states that the principles of Islamic shariah will guide the state.This kind of pragmatic politics is deeply disturbing to the Costa Salafis a young multiplication of Salafis who se makeshift headquarters is in a Costa cafe. They denounce their elders not so much for being willing to compromise, which they readily accept as part of the new politics, but of failing to articulate through fatwas the religious basis for those compromises. Its as if the Salafi leadership, propelled onto the political stage for the first time, has become unplugged and feels able to do any(prenominal) is necessary in the political realm to protect its community of socialconservatives. They reminded me of the religious parties in IsraelMeanwhile, the Muslim Brotherhood is busy making its own compromises with the military and with other liberal parties that would enable its Freedom and Justice Party to build a governing and empowered coalition (at the moment, they can control the parliament but until its powers are defined in the constitution and the military hands over power, they cannot control the government). Whereas the Salafis are expression to constrain the Muslim Brotherhood , the MB is focused on how to ease fears of its intentions.After operating for eighty years in the political wilderness, the MB has learned just how fragile this moment could turn out to be. Thats why its leadership is more willing to compromise with the military than the other parties to its left and right. Consequently, the other parties fear that the MB will sell them out to the military in some sweetheart deal that compromises the revolution and their abilities to use democratic rules of the game to constrain the MB and hold the military accountable.This tension will likely spare itself in the massive demonstrations that are expected on January 25 in Tahrir Square to commemorate the first anniversary of the Revolution. The military and the MB have called for a celebration, complete with party balloons and patriotic songs. Youth activists and some liberal parties, particularly exercised by the eighty some demonstrators who were killed by the police and the army in crackdowns in November and December last year, are calling for a demonstration against military rule. Some of the far-left revolutionary youth are calling for a campaign of violence.The way the January 25 demonstrations play out will be only one of the ways in which square politics and party politics interact in Egypts newly dynamic democracy. All the parties feel that they can claim legitimacy from the peoples mandates that they have received in the elections. This empowers them to stand up to the military in demanding that it leave the political arena promptly and allow Egyptian democracy to have its day. If the military focuses only on protecting its narrow interests (e.g., retaining its business interests, claiming immunity from pursuance forpast actions, demanding only responsibility for protecting the states borders), then a reasonable compromise can be fashioned. However, if the military insists on specifying reserve powers in the constitution and protecting its budget from civilian overs ight, then the people know the way back to Tahrir Square. As one newly-elected parliamentarian put it We are legitimate now the army is not.And what about the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty? We didnt raise the issue they did. It came up in most conversations in the following way We have been elected by the people. Were responsible to them. The people want stability, above all. They want the police back in the streets and calm and predictability restored to their daily lives. We dont like the way Israel treats the Palestinians. We dont like the price that Israel pays for Egyptian gas. But were not going to mess with the peace treaty. That sentiment is so widely shared that one of the heads of the Muslim Brotherhood could declare to the New York Times last week that the peace treaty is a committedness of the state, and therefore will be respected.The sense of responsibility that rests on the shoulders of those who would govern 87 million people is palpable. They know the severe economic straits that they will have to confront. They know that neither tourists nor foreign investing will return to Egypt unless there is a clear commitment to stability. And they know the people will not forgive them if they fail to address their basic needs for order, jobs and housing. In short, newly-elected Egyptian politicians the Muslim Brotherhood first and foremost understand that they have to make a choice between feeding the people and fighting Israel, and for the time being they have made a conscious choice of bread over bombs.The fact that Palestine is not a priority for the Egyptian people has been manifest since the early days of the revolution. It was underscored for me during a lecture I gave at the American University in Cairo, just off Tahrir Square. A Palestinian student, clothed in a Palestinian flag, stood with a makeshift banner in silent protest at the front of the hall. Despite this prominent reminder, during the ensuing ninety-minute QA session withstudents and journalists no-one asked a question about Palestine.To be sure, theres of all time the risk that populist politicians will outbid each other in their demagoguery on the Palestinian issue, especially if Israeli-Palestinian violence flares. But Israel is particularly sensitive to this possibility and the Muslim Brotherhood is apparently signaling its Hamas branch to keep things quiet too. (With 350 trucks a day passing from Israel into Gaza, and smuggling of weapons through the tunnels continuing apace, Hamas has its own reasons for maintaining the current de facto ceasefire with Israel.)What was perhaps most striking to me, however, was the attitude of the new political class to the United States. I had expected to encounter hostility after all the United States had been Mubaraks staunch ally through the three decades of his Pharaohnic rule. I had assumed that the Islamist politicians in particular would be antagonistic towards American influence in post-revolutionary Egypt, just as the Iranian clerics have manifested intense antagonism towards the United States since their revolution.Yet Egypts Islamists all seemed keen to utilise with the United States government. The Muslim Brotherhood was trying to understand President Obamas intentions in demanding that the military hand over power to civilian (i.e. Muslim Brotherhood) rule, expeditiously. They werent sure how to deal with the fact that Bill Burns, the Deputy Secretary of State, had just met with their leadership. But one thing they were very certain about they need U.S. economic assistance and U.S. help in mobilizing international assistance. They were therefore quite anxious to know how Congress would treat them.Because of this new U.S. politics engagement with their arch-rivals, the Salafis too are seeking American recognition. Their leaders are keen to come to Washington to explain their intentions. They even appear willing to engage with Israel to establish their bona fides one of their leaders recently gave an hearing to Israeli Army Radio.

Virtue - Plato Essay Example for Free

Virtue Plato Es sound outAnd a nonher(prenominal)s who ar mute auditors. The scene is laid in the theater of operations of Cephalus at the Piraeus and the whole dialogue is narrated by Socrates the day after it titleu all toldy took place to Timaeus Hermocrates, Critias, and a anonymous person, who be introduced in the Timaeus. I WENT d avow yesterday to the Piraeus with Glaucon, the son of Ariston, that I might offer up my prayers to the goddess and besides because I wanted to await in what existence- ner they would celebrate the festival, which was a new thing. I was satisfy with the procession of the inhabitants plainly that of the Thracians was evenly, if non to a greater extent, beautiful. When we had finished our prayers and dupeed the spectacle, we dark in the direction of the city and at that irregular Polemarchus, the son of Cephalus, chanced to catch sight of us from a distance as we were starting on our hu universeityner home, and terstwhile(a) his s ervant to run and bid us wait for him. The servant took hold of me by the cloak behind, and give tongue to, Polemarchus desires you to wait. I turned round, and exacted him where his master was. in that location he is, verbalise the youth, coming after you, if you provide entirely wait. for sure we will, state Glaucon and in a few minutes Polemarchus appe ard, and with him Adeimantus, Glaucons brother, Niceratus, the son of Nicias, and several others who had been at the procession. Polemarchus said to me, I perceive, Socrates, that you and your companion argon already on your panache to the city. You be non farther-off wrong, I said. precisely do you hold, he rejoined, how m whatsoever we argon? Of course. And argon you stronger than all these? for if non, you will beat to remain where you ar.whitethorn at that place non be the alternative, I said, that we may per- suade you to let us go? only weed you persuade us, if we refuse to listen to you? he said. Cer tainly non, replied Glaucon. at that placefore we ar not going to listen of that you may be assured. Adeimantus added Has no nonpareil told you of the torch-race on horseback in honor of the goddess which will outcome place in the evening? With horses I replied. That is a novelty. Will horse custody carry torches and pass them one to other(prenominal) during the race? Yes, said Polemarchus and not only so, yet a festival will be celebrated at night, which you sure as shooting ought to see.Let us rise soon after supper and see this festival at that place will be a gathering of unexampled men, and we will see a siz open talk. support and so, and do not be perverse. Glaucon said, I suppose, since you insist, that we essential. Very veracious, I replied. Accordingly we went with Polemarchus to his house and there we appoint his brothers Lysias and Euthydemus, and with them Thrasymachus the Chalcedonian, Charmantides the Paeanian, and Cleitophon, the son of Aristonym us. There too was Cephalus, the father of Polemarchus, whom I had not seen for a long beat, and I popular judicial decision him very much aged.He was seated on a cushioned chair, and had a garland on his head, for he had been sacrificing in the court and there were some other chairs in the room arranged in a semicircle, upon which we sat down by him. He saluted me eagerly, and past he said You dont come to see me, Socrates, as often as you ought If I were still able to go and see you I would not ask you to come to me. yet at my age I provoke hardly get to the city, and because you should come oftener to the Piraeus. For, let me recognize you that the more the cheers of the body fade away, the greater to me are the pleasure and charm of conversation.Do not, because, deny my request, but make our house your re- sort and clench comp some(prenominal) with these young men we are old friends, and you will be quite at home with us. I replied There is nothing which for my part I like break in, Cephalus, than conversing with aged men for I regard them as travellers who r each(prenominal) gone a journey which I too may lay down to go, and of whom I ought to inquire whether the way is smooth and easy or rugged and difficult. And this is a question which I should like to ask of you, who project arrived at that era which the poets call the threshold of old age Is life harder toward the end, or what report do you give of it?I will testify you, Socrates, he said, what my own feeling is. Men of my age mint together we are birds of a feather, as the old proverb dictates and at our meetings the tale of my acquaintance commonly is I fuckingnot eat, I lavatorynot drink the pleasures of youth and love are fled away there was a ethical age at one time, but now that is gone, and life is no longer life. Some complain of the slights which are congeal upon them by relations, and they will tell you sadly of how many d loathsomenessishs their old age is the cau se. But to me, Socrates, these complainers seem to cull that which is not authentically in fault.For if old age were the cause, I too, being old, and every other old man would have felt as they do. But this is not my own experi- ence, nor that of others whom I have sleep withn. How head I remember the aged poet Sophocles, when in resolution to the question, How does love suit with age, Sophocles are you still the man you were? Peace, he replied most gladly have I escaped the thing of which you speak I feel as if I had escaped from a mad and furious master. His words have often occurred to my creative thinker since, and they seem as unsloped to me now as at the time when he uttered them.For certainly old age has a great sense of calm and freedom when the pas- sions relax their hold, then, as Sophocles speculates, we are freed from the grasp not of one mad master only, but of many. The truth is, Socrates, that these regrets, and also the complaints nigh relations, are to be attributed to the aforementioned(prenominal) cause, which is not old age, but mens characters and tempers for he who is of a calm and happy record will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are equally a burden.I listened in admiration, and wanting to draw him out, that he might go on Yes, Cephalus, I said but I rather suspect that people in general are not impeld by you when you speak thus they think that old age sits lightly upon you, not because of your happy disposition, but because you are rich, and wealth is hygienic known to be a great comforter. You are redress, he replied they are not convinced and there is something in what they say not, however, so much as they imagine.I might answer them as Themistocles answered the Seriphian who was abusing him and give tongue to that he was famous, not for his own merits but because he was an Athenian If you had been a native of my country or I of yours, neither of us would h ave been famous. And to those who are not rich and are impatient of old age, the same reply may be do for to the good poor man old age can- not be a light burden, nor can a bad rich man ever have peace with himself.May I ask, Cephalus, whether your dower was for the most part inherited or acquired by you? Acquired Socrates do you want to know how much I acquired? In the art of making money I have been midway between my father and grandpa for my grandfather, whose report I bear, doubled and trebled the value of his patrimony, that which he inherited being much what I experience now but my father, Lysanias, reduced the property below what it is at present and I shall be at ease if I leave to these my sons not less, but a little more, than I received.That was why I asked you the question, I replied, because I see that you are indifferent about money, which is a feature film rather of those who have inherited their fortunes than of those who have acquired them the makers of for tunes have a second love of money as a creation of their own, resembling the union of authors for their own poems, or of parents for their baberen, besides that natural love of it for the sake of use and profit which is common to them and all men.And hence they are very bad company, for they can talk about nothing but the praises of wealth. That is true, he said. Yes, that is very true, but may I ask another question? What do you dole out to be the greatest blessing which you have reaped from your wealth? One, he said, of which I could not expect easily to convince others.For let me tell you, Socrates, that when a man thinks himself to be near death, fears and cares enter into his attend which he neer had before the tales of a world below and the punishment which is exacted there of deeds done here were once a express feelings matter to him, but now he is tormented with the thought that they may be true either from the weakness of age, or because he is now drawing nearer to t hat other place, he has a clear uper view of these things suspicions and alarms crowd thickly upon him, and he begins to reflect and consider what wrongs he has done to others.And when he finds that the sum of his transgressions is great he will many a time like a child start up in his sleep for fear, and he is filled with dark forebodings. But to him who is conscious of no sin, sweet hope, as Pindar charmingly says, is the kind nurse of his age Hope, he says, cherishes the soul of him who lives in arbiter and holiness, and is the nurse of his age and the companion of his journey hope which is mightiest to sway the restless soul of man. How admirable are his wordsAnd the great blessing of riches, I do not say to every man, but to a good man, is, that he has had no occasion to deceive or to defraud others, either intentionally or unintentionally and when he departs to the world below he is not in any apprehension about offerings cod to the gods or debts which he owes to men. Now to this peace of mind the possession of wealth greatly contributes and there-fore I say, that, setting one thing against another, of the many advantages which wealth has to give, to a man of sense this is in my opinion the greatest.Well said, Cephalus, I replied but as concerning neerthelessice, what is it? to speak the truth and to pay your debtsno more than this? And even to this are there not exceptions? Sup- pose that a friend when in his right mind has deposited arms with me and he asks for them when he is not in his right mind, ought I to give them back to him? No one would say that I ought or that I should be right in doing so, any more than they would say that I ought always to speak the truth to one who is in his condition. You are quite right, he replied.But then, I said, speaking the truth and paying your debts is not a correct definition of referee. Quite correct, Socrates, if Simonides is to be believed, said Polemarchus, interposing. I fear, said Cephalus, that I must go now, for I have to look after the sacrifices, and I hand over the argument to Polem- archus and the company. Is not Polemarchus your heir? I said. To be sure, he answered, and went away laughing to the sacrifices. submit me then, O thou heir of the argument, what did Simonides say, and according to you, truly say, about justice?He said that the repayment of a debt is just, and in saying so he appears to me to be right. I shall be non-white to doubt the word of such a wise and inspired man, but his crockeding, though probably clear to you, is the re- verse of clear to me. For he certainly does not mean, as we were just now saying, that I ought to fo chthonian a deposit of arms or of anything else to one who asks for it when he is not in his right senses and nevertheless a deposit cannot be denied to be a debt. True. whence when the person who asks me is not in his right mind I am by no means to make the return? Certainly not.When Simonides said that the repayment of a d ebt was jus- tice, he did not mean to include that case? Certainly not for he thinks that a friend ought always to do good to a friend, and never diabolical. You mean that the return of a deposit of gold which is to the injury of the receiver, if the two parties are friends, is not the repayment of a debt that is what you would imagine him to say? Yes. And are enemies also to receive what we owe to them? To be sure, he said, they are to receive what we owe them and an enemy, as I organize it, owes to an enemy that which is due or proper to himthat is to say, evil.Simonides, then, after the manner of poets, would seem to have spoken darkly of the nature of justice for he really meant to say that justice is the giving to each man what is proper to him, and this he termed a debt. That must have been his consequence, he said. By heaven I replied and if we asked him what due or proper thing is given by medicine, and to whom, what answer do you think that he would make to us? He would surely reply that medicine gives drugs and meat and drink to human bodies. And what due or proper thing is given by cookery, and to what?Seasoning to food. And what is that which justice gives, and to whom? If, Socrates, we are to be point at all by the analogy of the preceding instances, then justice is the art which gives good to friends and evil to enemies. That is his meaning, then? I think so. And who is best able to do good to his friends and evil to his enemies in time of sickness? The physician. Or when they are on a voyage, amid the perils of the sea? The pilot. And in what sort of actions or with a view to what result is the just man most able to do harm to his enemy and good to his friend?In going to war against the one and in making alliances with the other. But when a man is well, my dear Polemarchus, there is no hire of a physician? No. And he who is not on a voyage has no need of a pilot? No. hence in time of peace justice will be of no use? I am very far from thi nking so. You think that justice may be of use in peace as well as in war? Yes. Like husbandry for the acquisition of corn? Yes. Or like cobbling for the acquisition of shoes that is what you mean? Yes. And what similar use or power of acquisition has justice in time of peace?In contracts, Socrates, justice is of use. And by contracts you mean partnerships? Exactly. But is the just man or the skilful player a more useful and better partner at a impale of draughts? The skilful player. And in the laying of bricks and stones is the just man a more useful or better partner than the builder? Quite the reverse. Then in what sort of partnership is the just man a better partner than the harp-player, as in playing the harp the harp- player is certainly a better partner than the just man? In a money partnership.Yes, Polemarchus, but surely not in the use of money for you do not want a just man to be your counsellor in the purchase or sale of a horse a man who is astute about horses would be better for that, would he not? Certainly. And when you want to buy a ship, the shipwright or the pilot would be better? True. Then what is that joint use of silver or gold in which the just man is to be preferred? When you want a deposit to be kept safely. You mean when money is not wanted, but allowed to lie? Precisely. That is to say, justice is useful when money is useless?That is the inference. And when you want to keep a pruning-hook safe, then justice is useful to the individual and to the State but when you want to use it, then the art of the vine-dresser? Clearly. And when you want to keep a shield or a lyre, and not to use them, you would say that justice is useful but when you want to use them, then the art of the soldier or of the role player? Certainly. And so of all other things justice is useful when they are useless, and useless when they are useful? That is the inference. Then justice is not good for much.But let us consider this further point Is not he who can b est strike a blow in a boxing controvert or in any kind of fighting best able to ward off a blow? Certainly. And he who is most skilful in preventing or escaping from a disease is best able to create one? True. And he is the best guard of a camp who is best able to abstract a march upon the enemy? Certainly. Then he who is a good keeper of anything is also a good thief? That, I suppose, is to be inferred. Then if the just man is good at guardianship money, he is good at stealing it. implied in the argument. That is Then after all, the just man has turned out to be a thief.And this is a lesson which I suspect you must have learnt out of bulls eye for he, speaking of Autolycus, the maternal grand- father of Odysseus, who is a favorite of his, affirms that He was first-class above all men in theft and perjury. And so, you and Homer and Simonides are agree that justice is an art of theft to be practised, however, for the good of friends and for the harm of enemies that was what y ou were saying? No, certainly not that, though I do not now know what I did say but I still stand by the latter words. Well, there is another question By friends and enemies do we mean those who are so really, or only in apparent?Surely, he said, a man may be expected to love those whom he thinks good, and to hate those whom he thinks evil. Yes, but do not persons often err about good and evil many who are not good seem to be so, and conversely? That is true. Then to them the good will be enemies and the evil will be their friends? True. And in that case they will be right in doing good to the evil and evil to the good? Clearly. But the good are just and would not do an injustice? True. Then according to your argument it is just to injure those who do no wrong? Nay, Socrates the doctrine is immoral.Then I suppose that we ought to do good to the just and harm to the unjust? that better. I like But see the consequence Many a man who is ignorant of human nature has friends who are bad friends, and in that case he ought to do harm to them and he has good enemies whom he ought to benefit but, if so, we shall be saying the very op- posite of that which we affirmed to be the meaning of Simonides. Very true, he said and I think that we had better correct an error into which we seem to have fallen in the use of the words friend and enemy. What was the error, Polemarchus? I asked.We assumed that he is a friend who seems to be or who is thought good. And how is the error to be right? We should rather say that he is a friend who is, as well as seems, good and that he who seems only and is not good, only seems to be and is not a friend and of an enemy the same may be said. You would contest that the good are our friends and the bad our enemies? Yes. And instead of saying simply as we did at first, that it is just to do good to our friends and harm to our enemies, we should further say It is just to do good to our friends when they are good, and harm to our enemies when they are evil?Yes, that appears to me to be the truth. But ought the just to injure anyone at all? undoubtedly he ought to injure those who are both wicked and his enemies. When horses are injured, are they improved or deteriorated? The latter. Deteriorated, that is to say, in the good qualities of horses, not of dogs? Yes, of horses. And dogs are deteriorated in the good qualities of dogs, and not of horses? Of course. And will not men who are injured be deteriorated in that which is the proper virtue of man? Certainly. And that human virtue is justice? To be sure.Then men who are injured are of necessity made unjust? That is the result. But can the musician by his art make men unmusical? Certainly not. Or the horseman by his art make them bad horsemen? Impossible. And can the just by justice make men unjust, or speaking generally, can the good by virtue make them bad? Assuredly not. Any more than heat can produce cold? It cannot. Or drought moisture? Clearly not. Nor can the good harm anyone? Impossible. And the just is the good? Certainly. Then to injure a friend or anyone else is not the act of a just man, but of the opposite, who is the unjust?I think that what you say is quite true, Socrates. Then if a man says that justice consists in the repayment of debts, and that good is the debt which a just man owes to his friends, and evil the debt which he owes to his enemies to say this is not wise for it is not true, if, as has been clearly shown, the injuring of another can be in no case just. I agree with you, said Polemarchus. Then you and I are prepared to take up arms against anyone who attributes such a saying to Simonides or Bias or Pittacus, or any other wise man or seer? I am quite ready to do battle at your side, he said.Shall I tell you whose I believe the saying to be? Whose? I believe that Periander or Perdiccas or Xerxes or Ismenias the Theban, or some other rich and mighty man, who had a great opinion of his own power, was the first to say tha t justice is doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies. Most true, he said. Yes, I said but if this definition of justice also breaks down, what other can be offered? some(prenominal) times in the course of the discussion Thrasymachus had made an attempt to get the argument into his own hands, and had been stick down by the rest of the company, who wanted to hear the end.But when Polemarchus and I had done speaking and there was a pause, he could no longer hold his peace and, gathering himself up, he came at us like a wild beast, seeking to devour us. We were quite panic-stricken at the sight of him. He roared out to the whole company What folly, Socrates, has taken possession of you all? And why, sillybillies, do you knock under to one another? I say that if you want really to know what justice is, you should not only ask but answer, and you should not seek honor to yourself from the refutation of an opponent, but have your own answer for there is many a one who can as k and cannot answer.And now I will not have you say that justice is duty or advantage or profit or gain or pursual, for this sort of nonsense will not do for me I must have clearness and accuracy. I was panic-stricken at his words, and could not look at him without trembling. Indeed I believe that if I had not fixed my eye upon him, I should have been struck dumb but when I saw his petulance rising, I looked at him first, and was therefore able to reply to him. Thrasymachus, I said, with a quiver, dont be hard upon us. Polemarchus and I may have been guilty of a little mistake in the argument, but I can assure you that the error was not in- tentional.If we were seeking for a piece of gold, you would not imagine that we were knocking under to one another, and so losing our chance of finding it. And why, when we are seeking for justice, a thing more valued than many pieces of gold, do you say that we are weakly yielding to one another and not doing our bound to get at the truth? N ay, my good friend, we are most willing and anxious to do so, but the fact is that we cannot. And if so, you people who know all things should pity us and not be angry with us. How characteristic of Socrates he replied, with a bitter laugh thats your ironical styleDid I not foresee have I not already told you, that whatever he was asked he would refuse to answer, and try irony or any other shuffle, in order that he might avoid answering? You are a philosopher, Thrasymachus, I replied, and well know that if you ask a person what numbers make up twelve, victorious care to prohibit him whom you ask from answering twice half dozen, or three times four, or six times two, or four times three, for this sort of nonsense will not do for me then obviously, if that is your way of putting the question, no one can answer you. But suppose that he were to reproduction Thrasymachus, what do you mean?If one of these numbers which you interdict be the true answer to the question, am I falsely to say some other number which is not the right one? is that your meaning? How would you answer him? Just as if the two cases were at all alike he said. Why should they not be? I replied and even if they are not, but only appear to be so to the person who is asked, ought he not to say what he thinks, whether you and I forbid him or not? I presume then that you are going to make one of the interdicted answers? I dare say that I may, notwithstanding the danger, if upon considerateness I approve of any of them.But what if I give you an answer about justice other and better, he said, than any of these? What do you deserve to have done to you? Done to me as becomes the ignorant, I must learn from the wise that is what I deserve to have done to me. What, and no payment A engaging notion I will pay when I have the money, I replied. But you have, Socrates, said Glaucon and you, Thrasyma- chus, need be under no anxiety about money, for we will all make a role for Socrates. Yes, he repl ied, and then Socrates will do as he always does refuse to answer himself, but take and pull to pieces the answer of someone else.Why, my good friend, I said, how can anyone answer who knows, and says that he knows, just nothing and who, even if he has some faint notions of his own, is told by a man of authority not to utter them? The natural thing is, that the speaker should be someone like yourself who professes to know and can tell what he knows. Will you then kindly answer, for the edification of the company and of myself? Glaucon and the rest of the company joined in my request, and Thrasymachus, as anyone might see, was in reality eager to speak for he thought that he had an excellent answer, and would distinguish himself.But at first he affected to insist on my answering at length he consented to begin. Behold, he said, the wisdom of Socrates he refuses to teach himself, and goes about learning of others, to whom he never even says, Thank you. That I learn of others, I repli ed, is quite true but that I am ungrateful I wholly deny. Money I have none, and therefore I pay in praise, which is all I have and how ready I am to praise anyone who appears to me to speak well you will very soon find out when you answer for I expect that you will answer well.Listen, then, he said I proclaim that justice is nothing else than the engagement of the stronger. And now why do you not praise me? But of course you wont. Let me first picture you, I replied. Justice, as you say, is the stakes of the stronger. What, Thrasymachus, is the meaning of this? You cannot mean to say that because Polyd- amas, the pancratiast, is stronger than we are, and finds the eating of beef conducive to his bodily strength, that to eat beef is therefore equally for our good who are weaker than he is, and right and just for us?Thats abominable of you, Socrates you take the words in the sense which is most damaging to the argument. Not at all, my good sir, I said I am trying to understand the m and I wish that you would be a little clearer. Well, he said, have you never heard that forms of govern- ment differ there are tyrannies, and there are democracies, and there are aristocracies? Yes, I know. And the authorities is the ruling power in each State? Certainly.And the different forms of government make laws demo- cratical, aristocratical, tyrannical, with a view to their several interests and these laws, which are made by them for their own interests, are the justice which they deliver to their subjects, and him who transgresses them they punish as a breaker of the law, and unjust. And that is what I mean when I say that in all States there is the same principle of justice, which is the interest of the government and as the government must be supposed to have power, the only reasonable conclusion is that everywhere there is one principle of justice, which is the interest of the stronger.Now I understand you, I said and whether you are right or not I will try to discov er. But let me remark that in defining justice you have yourself used the word interest, which you forbade me to use. It is true, however, that in your definition the words of the stronger are added. A small addition, you must allow, he said. Great or small, never mind about that we must first inquire whether what you are saying is the truth. Now we are both agreed that justice is interest of some sort, but you go on to say of the stronger about this addition I am not so sure, and must therefore consider further.Proceed. I will and first tell me, Do you admit that it is just for sub- jects to obey their rulers? I do. But are the rulers of States absolutely infallible, or are they sometimes liable to err? To be sure, he replied, they are liable to err? Then in making their laws they may sometimes make them rightly, and sometimes not? True. When they make them rightly, they make them agreeably to their interest when they are mistaken, contrary to their in- terest you admit that? Yes. And the laws which they make must be obeyed by their sub- jectsand that is what you call justice?Doubtless. Then justice, according to your argument, is not only obedience to the interest of the stronger, but the reverse? What is that you are saying? he asked. I am only repeating what you are saying, I believe. But let us consider Have we not admitted that the rulers may be mistaken about their own interest in what they command, and also that to obey them is justice? Has not that been admitted? Yes. Then you must also have acknowledged justice not to be for the interest of the stronger, when the rulers unintentionally command things to be done which are to their own injury.For if, as you say, justice is the obedience which the subject renders to their commands, in that case, O wisest of men, is there any escape from the conclusion that the weaker are commanded to do, not what is for the interest, but what is for the injury of the stronger? Nothing can be clearer, Socrates, said Pole marchus. Yes, said Cleitophon, interposing, if you are allowed to be his witness. But there is no need of any witness, said Polemarchus, for Thrasymachus himself acknowledges that rulers may some- time command what is not for their own interest, and that for subjects to obey them is justice.Yes, Polemarchus Thrasymachus said that for subjects to do what was commanded by their rulers is just. Yes, Cleitophon, but he also said that justice is the interest of the stronger, and, while admitting both these propositions, he further acknowledged that the stronger may command the weaker who are his subjects to do what is not for his own interest whence follows that justice is the injury quite as much as the interest of the stronger. But, said Cleitophon, he meant by the interest of the stronger what the stronger thought to be his interest this was what the weaker had to do and this was affirmed by him to be justice.Those were not his words, rejoined Polemarchus. Never mind, I replied, if he now says that they are, let us accept his statement. Tell me, Thrasymachus, I said, did you mean by justice what the stronger thought to be his interest, whether really so or not? Certainly not, he said. Do you suppose that I call him who is mistaken the stronger at the time when he is mistaken? Yes, I said, my impression was that you did so, when you admitted that the ruler was not infallible, but might be sometimes mistaken. You argue like an informer, Socrates.Do you mean, for example, that he who is mistaken about the sick is a physician in that he is mistaken? or that he who errs in arithmetic or grammar is an arithmetician or syntactician at the time when he is making the mistake, in respect of the mistake? True, we say that the physician or arithmetician or grammarian has made a mistake, but this is only a way of speaking for the fact is that neither the grammarian nor any other person of skill ever makes a mistake in so far as he is what his name implies they none of the m err unless their skill fails them, and then they cease to be apt artists.No artist or sage or ruler errs at the time when he is what his name implies though he is commonly said to err, and I adopted the common mode of speaking. But to be perfectly accurate, since you are such a lover of accuracy, we should say that the ruler, in so far as he is a ruler, is unerr- ing, and, being unerring, always commands that which is for his own interest and the subject is required to execute his com- mands and therefore, as I said at first and now repeat, justice is the interest of the stronger. Indeed, Thrasymachus, and do I really appear to you to argue like an informer?Certainly, he replied. And do you suppose that I ask these questions with any de- sign of injuring you in the argument? Nay, he replied, suppose is not the word I know it but you will be found out, and by sheer force of argument you will never prevail.