Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning

Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia LearningMayer describes multimedia as modern presentation modes (text, pictures etc.) and different modalities (visual, auditory etc.) that ar presented by an integrated technical system such as computer and internet. consort to Mayer, multimedia tuition refers to education from language and pictures and multimedia instruction refers to the presentations of words and pictures. We see that Mayer describes the differences between multimedia larn and multimedia instruction. According to his description, multimedia instruction is the learning material which presents words and pictures that are intended to promote learning whereas multimedia learning refers to the student constructed knowledge that builds rational representations from these words and pictures that is, multimedia instruction.Mayer (2009) states three views of multimedia messages. Multimedia messages can be based onthe address media such as amplified speaker and computer scr eenpresentation modes such as words and pictures, orsensory modalities such as auditory and visual.In the first view, it is clearly seen that delivery media is technology centered and focus is on technology quite an than learners that is, the focus is on the devices apply to present teaching rather than on how people learn. The other views are learner centered. These views are consistent with learner centered approach and based on cognitive theory of learning on how people learn. Moreover, these two views are consistent with constructivist learning which is based on actively constructed knowledge rather than passively transmitted and gathered. The only musical note between these views is the sensory modalities view of multimedia is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans have fragmentize schooling touch impart for auditory and visual processing whereas presentation modes view is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans hav e separate learning processing channels for verbal and pictorial knowledge.In the following figure, Mayer (2009) describes his cognitive theory of multimedia learning.Figure Cognitive Theory of Multimedia LearningThis cognitive theory of multimedia learning is based on three assumptions (2009) doubled channels there are separate channels for processing visual and auditory experiences and information in humans memorylimited capacity each information channel is limited in its ability to process the amount of information and experiences at one timeactive processing processing experience and information in channels is an active process designed to construct coherent mental representationsAccording to this model, the learner must engage in the five cognitive processes or steps in order for meaningful learning to occur in multimedia environment. First, learner selects the relevant words for processing in verbal work memory. Then, learner selects relevant images for processing in visual working memory. afterward that, learner organizes selected words into a verbal mental model and selected images into a visual mental model. Finally, learner integrates work based and image based representations as well as prior knowledge (Mayer, 2009).Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on Paivios (1986) dual cryptograph theory, Swellers (1988) cognitive essence theory, Baddeleys (1992) model of working memory, Mayers (1996) SOI model of meaningful learning and Bruners constructivist theory.The working memory model explains what happens to information after it is perceived by the sense organs and suggests that there are separate slave systems such as phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information (Baddeley, 1992). Dual coding theory is reinforced on the working memory model and suggests that humans have two separate systems for representing verbal and nonverbal information. This verbal and nonverbal information is proc essed otherwise and in separate channels and although these systems are structurally and functionally independent, they are also interconnected (Paivio, 1986). Cognitive load theory points the findings from studies about dual coding theory for example, information processing system is consist of two independent channels for processing and representing information which are limited in their capacity and suggests that learning happens best under conditions that are aligned with human cognitive architecture. Cognitive load theory is concerned with the way cognitive resources are focused and used during learning and problem solving (Sweller, 1988).Although Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on many theories, Mayers multimedia theory is specifically based on Paivios dual coding theory which basically assumes that humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial information for auditory and visual messages. According to Mayers theory, the le arner has a visual and verbal information processing system. For example, auditory narration goes into the verbal information processing system whereas animation goes into the visual information processing system. Since dual coding theory is built on the working memory model of Baddeley and working memory includes verbal and visual channels which are phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information, we can also say that Mayers theory is consistent with Baddeleys one. Mayer also uses Swellers cognitive load theory to understand how humans learn and humans cognitive limitations for processing information. By using cognitive load theory, Mayer suggest that presenting too many elements such as words and pictures in multimedia material can lead to overload to be processed in visual or verbal information processing systems. Mayer also supports the theory of constructivist learning. By considering constructivist learning theory, Mayer suggests tha t cognitive construction and active learning depends on the cognitive processing of the learner during learning process. For example, learner constructs new knowledge by using active learning methods such as actively and mentally engaged in learning processes although passively session in the chair and watching a presentation. Mayers also use his SOI model of meaningful learning while building cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In this model, learners are again knowledge constructors who pay attention to relevant words and pictures in multimedia message in order to produce meaningful learning and organize the information in coherent verbal and pictorial model, and integrate it with prior knowledge.By his theory, first, Mayer has contributed to establishing a cognitive theory of multimedia learning which builds on how people learn. Mayers theory also continues to contribute greatly to establishing theories and principles about learning in multimedia environment. Also, his theo ry and principles are a great resource for instructional designers to consider the cognitive processes related with learning. Instructional designers withdraw to consider the learners and their memory capacities. They need to design their learning materials to maximize the focus on learning activities and decrease the learners attention to activities which are not directly related to learning. When considering new delivery media technologies such as mobile phones, tablet pcs and smart phones, I think succeeding(a) researches need to be conducted to evaluate the multimedia by using this theory in a real world context or new derivatives of theories need to be developed from Mayers one to adapt it to recent real life conditions.

John Lockes Theory Of Personal Identity Philosophy Essay

John Lockes Theory Of ad hominem Identity Philosophy set about For should the soul of a prince, carrying with it the knowingness of the princes past life, enter and inform the body of a cobbler, as soon as deserted by his own soul, everyone sees he would be the identical psyche with the prince, accountable only for the princes actions but who would say it was the same man?2In this example Locke shows that the human body is not necessary in ad hominem indistinguishability since you could have the same psyche in two different bodies. Since the physical body cannot maintain individualized identity, Locke comes to the conclusion that it must be the psychological aspect of humanity that retains psycheal identity.1It is at this point that the emphasis of identity is placed on the psychological rather than the physical aspect of life as stated in Lockes second book This may show us wherein personal identity consists not in the identity of substance, but in the identity of informe dness3 Lockes next point was to differentiate between a man and a person. He uses the example of a rational talking parrot and comp bes it to an organism with the same shape as a human being though it is unable to engage in rational discourse.1 This thought experiment is used by Locke to border that rationality is not an essential part of a man. Since rational discourse was not a necessary part of man. Locke expressed identity using something else. Thus, Locke lastly narrowed down the integral part of personal identity to consciousness. Lockes definition of conscious is as follows Consciousness is both a necessary and a enough condition for a morally vital sense of personal identity.3 Locke describes the essence of self as being their consciousness, which he states as something distinguishable for every mentation thing. This consciousness is described as the sameness of a rational being. The unique characteristic of consciousness is that allows it to retain personal identity is t hat it can be elongated backwards to any past action or thought. It is this characteristic that Locke uses to explain his theory of personal identity. 4Locke too disagrees with the Cartesian view of the soul, which held that a mans soul was of an in all different essence than his body, focusing more on the connectedness of the same conscious thought. Therefore, Locke reaches the conclusion that personal identity can only be achieved through and through psychological continuity. As a result of this, psychological continuity relies only on the beings ability to consciously look back on their previous man and be able to distinguish between conscious thought and memory. This distinction is extremely important to because Locke is frequently ambiguous when dealing with both terms. When he refers to conscious memory, he implies that it re sacrifices the consciousness of a past experience. Conscious thought, on the other hand, involves perceiving that one perceives. Locke explains that when we go forth anything, we are always conscious of it. Psychological continuity, as Locke describes it, also insinuates that a person who exists at one time is indistinguishable with a person who exists at a second time only if the first person remembers some past experience that connects the second person to the second time. Therefore, Lockes definition of personal identity centers around the continuity of the consciousness, which is able to relate past and present memories and retain some sense of self awareness.Now that I have explained and given an analysis of Lockes theory of personal identity, I pull up stakes now estimate the validity of Lockes theory by proving that his account of personal identity is incorrect. Lockes bloodlines contain flaws from their conception. I have a great difficulty with Lockes statement of self-conscious awareness as the main constituent of personal identity since intrinsically that consciousness is available only to each unique self. Due t o this dilemma, third party juries will be subject to error in many cases. In order to further explain this point, I will divide my argument into two questions what does personal identity consist of and how can one tell a person is the same? First, since Locke defined personal identity as a persons consciousness, I will use that as my basis for this argument. Thus, since we can only tell a person through their physical aspect, it becomes impossible to distinguish if someone elses consciousness resides in the person you are looking at. An example would be if a person robbed a bank but wasnt conscious of the fact that he performed the act in the first place. According to Locke, the man should be free of all charges since he wasnt the same person who robbed the bank. This however is preposterous if in a courtroom there is evidence of that person robbing the bank, the only exception being if the person could prove they lost consciousness throughout the event. Another error found within Lockes argument centers around the fact that even though a person can switch bodies, it is the consciousness that determines the identity of the bodies. Thus it is clear that while Lockes statements seem perfectly rational in theory, practically though, they have no weight. Another flaw found in Lockes argument, is in how he leaves out circumstance cases where his theory of psychological continuity cannot apply. First however, I must define the distinction between person and man. Locke defines man as a living body of some particular shape. A person, on the other hand, is an intelligent thinking being that can know itself as itself the same thinking thing in different measure and places.4An example of this would be humans who remain in vegetative conditions and show no mental faculties whatsoever. According to Lockes description of personal identity these human beings are not considered persons since nothing can be discovered from their past in order for that individual to define their psychological identity. Lockes argument between man and person becomes too controversial since the definition of both terms can never truly be settled. In conclusion, after providing examples to counterclaim Lockes argument that personal identity originates from psychological continuity it is clear that Lockes view on identity is too flawed to be correct when defining identity for each person.1William, Uzgalis. John Locke The incorporeality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010).2Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human accord Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518.3John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 514.4John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 515.sBibliographyUzgalis, William. John Locke The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010).Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518.Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 514.Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto Dover Publications, 2005. 515.

The Great Railroad Strike Essay -- American History

The Great Railroad StrikeIn the first half of the 19th Century the working class in the impudently industrializing American society suffered many tracks of exploitation. The working class of the mid-nineteenth century, with constant oppression by the capitalist and by the division between class, race, and ethnicity, made it difficult to form solidarity. After years of oppression and exploitation by the ruling class, the working class struck back and briefly paralyzed American commerce. The strike, which exclusively lasted a few weeks, was the spark needed to ignite a national revolt by the working class with the most violent fag upheavals of the century.Railroads were the big occupation of the mid-nineteenth century. The rail companies employed thousands of people and ran operations nationwide. The railroad transformed American society from a rural, agrarian society to an urban, industrialized one. The railroads contributed to an economic boom which pulled millions of boor immi grants from southern and eastern Europe in search of job opportunities and a better life. However, this same industry took advantage of a vast labor special and exploited its workers. A record number of immigrants were admitted into the U.S. during the mid-nineteenth century. Attracted mainly by job opportunities and cheap passage from all corners of southern and eastern Europe, a wave of immigrants inundate the American economy. This mass immigration created a labor surplus which produced a marketplace where workers could be hired and fired at will and had to sell their labor for whatever the going rate labor had become a commodity. Adding to the surplus in available labor was the boom-bust cycle. The depression of 1873 undermined the position of many worke... ...ctuals to the conditions laborers faced. This would lead to the progressive tense movement at the start of the twentieth century. The railroad was Americas first big business. It pulled people from farm labor and indiv idual proprietors to working for wages for a wide-ranging corporation. Workers were now being treated as a commodity. They were exploited to keep corporate dividends high during an economic bust cycle. In an attempt to stand up to big business small craft unions began to form but they represented a very small segment of the working class. Strike power seemed the only chance to fight backto take a stand for a minimal life-balance. Though the strikes themselves did little to improve things, it brought national attention to the varying fondness class as to their labor conditions. This national attention would help launch a new reform movement called progressivism.

Investigation into elastic potential energy :: essays research papers fc

Why and What I hope to achieveI believe that the purpose of doing this is to allow me to demonstrate my understanding of Elastic potential muscle. And the rocket concepts of the effect of changing potential into kinetic energy and for me to demonstrate my ability to apply elastic potential energy to a scientific investigation.What am I going to do and what will it proveI am going to use an elastic band and release it from different tensions I will then(prenominal) measure how far it &8216flies&8217.Doing this will tell me the relationship between force, potential energy and kinetic energy.My PredictionI predict that the further I pull the band back the further it will &8216fly&8217. This is based on the fact that the more tension involved means that the potential energy is greater therefore the kinetic/moving energy will also be greater.VariablesForce to pull the band back. This will be between 3 and 11 northward&8217s.EquationsDistance = SpeedTimeSpeed = Time DistanceTime = Dista nce SpeedI also have Equations for EPE in my research.Method1)Attach an elastic band to the hook on the end of a Newton metre and stretch the band until the Newton metre reads terzetto Newton&8217s2)Then Release the band and see how far it flies.3)Measure using a metre stick how far the band has travelled.4) paraphrase this same test three time in order to gather and average later on.5)The repeat this test using forces of 5, 7, 9 and 11 Newton&8217s.6)Remember to repeat each test on each force three times.7)Then collect the mean average using the results you received from reiterate each of the tests.Fair TestI will make sure this is a fair test byUsing the same band each timeUsing the same height at which to release the bandRepeat each test three times so that we gat a reasonable result and in the case of getting a &8216freak&8217 result I will repeat that test.Same place &8211 Draught&8217s, come aliveSame angle when band is releasedThings to take into accountThe band will &8216 age&8217 therefore losing some of its elasticity and tension.If it didn&8217t hit the ground it would belike go further.Use the same Newton metre and have the same person reading it.There might be a breeze of envelop of some sort either flowing with the band or against it.Temperature of roomAny possible obstructions or anything else that make effect the general momentum e.g. Doors interruption windows being open or shut.Angle, position and height you release the band from.

Friendship Essay -- Friendship Essay

A accomplice is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have and follow this relationship and support it. In some societies this relationship is given more importance than others. In our society friends are given almost the same attention as ones family member. Family is the closest relationship a person has, and if that is disturbed a friend can be very helpful. For me my friends are a part of my family. I trust my true friends as much as I just my wardrobe family member. A true friend would do anything to save your life. I have experienced this fact when I was 13 years old. My family and I were in Bahamas for our summertime vacations along with our very old family friends from Canada. This family used to live in Pakistan but later on settled in Canada. Their youngest son Hassan, and I had been together since we two were born. Our familys had made our relationship so strong that we were mo re like brothers than friends. I had always trusted him because he was the only one of my age whom I used to associate with quiet often. That particular summer I had met him after two years and we were both extremely excited to see a drastic change in our personalities.Even though our personalities differed from one another we realized that our friend has had no effect. We got along the same way we used to when me were not shape up enough. While si...

Chaucers The Wife of Bath :: Chaucer Wife Bath Essays

Chaucers The Wife of BathChaucers character, the Wife of Bath, grabs the readers attention immediately as she sets the stage for giving an account of her beliefs on honor and life Housbondes at chirche dore I bring forth had five. Because of her blunt honesty at the very beginning of her Prologue, the reader senses that the Wife of Bath feels no shame and carries no regrets about her many marriages. This is confirmed when the Wife proclaims, Of whiche I have piked out the beste. She displays two attitudes throughout the piece living life to the fullest and loving to scold about her past. We see this first attitude as the Wife looks back on her life and says, But Lord Crist, whan that it remembreth me / Upon my youthe and on my jolitee, / It tikleth me aboute myn herte roote / Unto this day it dooth myn herte boote / That I have had my world as in my time.The Wife expresses joy over the life she has lived and seems completely satisfied with all that took place. Much of the h istory she entrusts to her fellow pilgrims details her intimate drive. Her versed appetite represents her great desire for vivid living. The Wife is not bitter about any of her marriages. Even when the husbands seemed bothered by the fact that she acted wish the man in the relationships in that she was demanding, controlling and sexually dominant, she did not mind. She actually reveled in the fact that she had complete control in four of her five marriages. This sexual appetite parallels her attitude of enjoyment and pleasure in life. Instead of feeling shameful about her overactive sex drive, she simply said, God bade us for to wexe and mulitplye. She does not feel disgraced by her actions instead, she sees herself as simply following Gods orders. Additionally, she feels that her sexual appetite is sanctioned by God because, He saide that to be wedded is no sinne / Bet is to be wedded than to brinne. Because she is married, she is allowed to pursue her desires to their full force and feel no shame because she is not burning with a forbidden passion for a man that is not her husband. The second attitude expressed is that of a love for gossiping about herself.

Time and Cost Estimating Techniques Essays -- Project Management Obser

Time and Cost Estimating TechniquesEstimating work times provides several benefits for the regurgitatemanager. It gives an idea of the level of effort required to completea make. This information then enables the project manager toproduce a realistic plan based upon that effort. Estimating also helpsthe project manager anticipate the budget for the project.There ar many formal techniques available to estimate time and costfor activities. Please refer to the count on steering ReferenceSection for more details on these techniques. Anyone reviewing theseestimates should understand that they are approximations, notaccuracies.Although the formal techniques are very specific, most of them havethe following tasks in common* Break activities down into small pieces for easier and more accurate estimation. (WBS)* Review historical information and compare to current activities.* Include a contingency buffer store for potential risks.* Solicit advice from others that have previously compl eted similar activities.* Identify and document the assumptions and parameters used to derive the estimates.Microsoft find outMicrosoft Project is project management package. Project managementsoftware assists project managers by providing a means for organizingproject information. A project manager uses the software to enter andmaintain a workplan that organizes activities and details. Thesoftware calculates the scheduled dates for tasks based on the time orwork requirements of each task using a calendar of working days forthe project and its resources.Microsoft Project is a tool to assist project managers in creating aWBS, PERT Charts, Gantt Charts, and resource histograms. Other reportsand charts are also readily available for use and customization. AISproject team members and managers should use the latest version.PERT/CPMNetwork analysis techniques identify early and late start and finishdates for the uncompleted portions of project activities. The Program rating and Revie w Technique (PERT) and the Critical Path Method(CPM) are examples of network analysis techniques.The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is anevent-oriented technique used to suggest all the project tasks,dependencies, and earliest and latest start times for each task ingraphical form. It is used... ...y are achieving the task goals. Thistype of observation crumb also be useful if aspects of team performanceare being investigated to understand how the team members areorganised and perform their tasks.Communication and conversational analysisInvestigation of the patterns in the organisation of peoplesinteraction (it would be possible to use the principle of analysing aconversation between two travelers, or one traveller and onetransport enquiry office operator in real situations, in order toidentify the needs for the traveller in specific contexts, what arethe difficulties encountered, how a system could resolve thesedifficulties,... ). One of these methods is the lang uage / actionapproach which considers the language as a means by which people act.Advantage of this method it provides a complete and logicalconceptual frame in order to investigate all kinds of conversation.Disadvantage of this method many situations are characterised by sagacious communication processes not taken into account by the model.There is also a difficulty in labelling an interaction and a messageespecially if they do not fit into the request or promise categories.