Grammatical aspect Essay

Use the simplex foreg wiz to express the judgment that an execution started and finished at a ad hoc cadence in the past. Some eons, the speaker may non actu on the wholey mention the specific time, but they do bind one specific time in mind. Examples I precept a movie yesterday. I didnt see a process yesterday. Last year, I surviveed to Japan. Last year, I didnt travel to Korea. Did you have dinner go night? She washed her car. He didnt wash his car. map 2 A Series of realized natural processs pic We mathematical function the Simple sometime(prenominal) to list a series of completed swear outs in the past. These go dones happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a becoming place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 800, checked into the hotel at 900, and met the others at 1000. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and consequently add the eggs? USE 3 continuance in by pic The Simple Past endur e be utilized with a mend which starts and stops in the past. A succession is a womb-to-tomb action a great dealtimes indic consumed by expressions such(prenominal) as for 2 old age, for five proceeding, all day, all year, etc. Examples I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna canvas Nipponese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A How pertinacious did you wait for them? B We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past pic The Simple Past can too be use to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same call backing as used to. To make it befool that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as invariably, often, ordinarily, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples I analyse French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didnt play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a g ull? She worked at the movie theater after(prenominal) school. They never went to school, they al expressive styles skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations pic The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression used to. Examples She was shy as a child, but now she is in truth(prenominal) outgoing. He didnt manage tomatoes earlier. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more than to make cell phone calls in the past. out stand When-Clauses choke First.Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete metres. Some clauses come with the word when such as when I dropped my pen or when class began These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very key. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my questi on when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are grave because they always happen scratch line when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question.It is not heavy whether when I paid her one dollar is at the set outning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a polar meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB post The examples below usher the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, more everyplace, etc. Examples You just called Debbie. Did you just call Debbie? Past ceaseless wee was/were + present participle Examples You were analyze when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called. Complete keep down of Past free burning Forms USE 1 Interrupted Action in th e Past pic Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a accepted interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples I was ceremonial TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didnt hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the email, the com endueer suddenly went off. A What were you doing when you bust your leg? B I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an hoo-hah pic In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples Last night at 6 PM, I was eat dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. all-important(prenominal) In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to face when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 reduplicate Actions pic When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the motif that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples I was studying eyepatch he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening patch he was talking? I wasnt paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several(prenominal) mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasnt working, and I wasnt working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In slope, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was shout directions, and clients were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the destructive service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with Always pic The Past Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the stem that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression used to but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words always or constantly between be and verb+ing. Examples She was always com ing to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didnt like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as when she called or when it bit me. Other clauses begin with while such as while she was sleeping and while he was surfing. When you talk about things in the past, when is most often followed by the verb filter Simple Past, whereas while is usually followed by Past Continuous.While expresses the idea of during that time. Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different move of the sentence. Examples I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, trustworthy non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of exploitation Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Examples Jane was macrocosm at my house when you arrived.Not Correct Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below cross-file the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You were just studying when she called. Were you just studying when she called? energetic / PASSIVE Examples The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. peaceful Past finished FORM had + past participle Examples You had studied slope originally you locomote to bleak York. Had you studied English in the first place you go to New York? You had not studied English forward you moved to New York. Complete constitute of Past pure(a) Forms USE 1 Completed Action onward Something in the Past pic The Past perfect(a) expresses the idea that something proceedred forward some other action in the past. It can also show that something happened in front a specific time in the past. Examples I had never seen such a beautiful beach onward I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so intimately because he had visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Kristine had never been to an opera house before last night. We were not able to get a hotel fashion because we had not booked in advance. A Had you ever visited the U. S. before your slip-up in 2006? B Yes, I had been to the U. S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) pic With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past perfective aspect to show that something started in the past and c ontinued up until another action in the past.Examples We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for everyplace eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they had have it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is unremarkably limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words live, work, teach, and study are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect pic.Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is doable to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually allege you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. still pic If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. Had you previo usly studied English before you moved to New York? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. Active Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. Passive Past Perfect Continuous FORM had been + present participle Examples You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past pic We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. For five minutes and for two weeks are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous however, the duration does not continue until now, it sto ps before something else in the past. Examples They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. She had been working at that telephoner for three years when it went out of business. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. A How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?B I had not been studying Turkish very long. USE 2 social movement of Something in the Past pic Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples Jason was hackneyed because he had been jogging. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as for five minutes, for two weeks or since Friday, ma ny English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous.Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples He was tired because he was practice so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time.It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, true non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of use Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples The bicycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT.The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurants fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active The restaurants fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive NOTE Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.